Sport/Study
Men (≥18 years)
Women (≥18 years)
Jr. boys (14-17 years)
Jr. girls (14-17 years)
Boys (11-13 years)
Girls (11-13 years)
Taekwondo
This study
6.85 (1.78-11.92)
2.43 (2.33-7.19)
8.97 (2.76-15.19)
17.01 (6.47-27.55)
6.16 (2.13-10.19)
9.37 (2.88-15.86)
Koh et al. (2001)
33.56 (18.85-48.27)
14.22 (2.84-25.60)
--
Pieter & Bercades (1997)
25.64 (9.90-61.18)
23.81 (22.86-70.48)
0.00
5.56 (5.33-16.45)
26.32 (25.26-77.90)
Pieter et al. (2004)
20.41 (0.41-40.41)
21.74 (0.44-43.04)
Pieter et al. (1995)
27.13 (7.03-47.23)
8.77 (8.42-25.96)
Pieter & Lufting (1994)
22.90 (9.94-35.86)
9.68 (1.27-20.63)
Pieter & Zemper (1997c)
25.54 (21.52-29.56)
29.91 (21.27-38.55)
Pieter & Zemper (1999)
33.45 (27.31-39.59)
23.03 (15.71-30.35)
Zemper & Pieter (1989)
23.58 (5.09-42.07)
13.51 (1.78-28.80)
Karate
Dah & Djessou (1989)
1.98 (1.91-5.87)
Pieter (1997)
2.63 (1.01-6.27)
Pieter & Kim (2005)
11.32 (4.92-17.73)
2.44 (2.34-7.22)
Tuominen (1995)
5.77 (0.76-12.30)
8.93 (8.57-26.43)