Figure 1. Possible mechanisms leading to increased oxidative stress in diabetes via enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and impaired antioxidant defenses. AGEs, advanced glycation endproducts. WBC, white blood cell. ROS, reactive oxygen species. GSSG, glutathione disulfide. GRD, glutathione reductase. GSH, reduced glutathione. GPX, glutathione peroxidase. Detoxified products include products of lipid peroxidation and protein and DNA oxidative damage.