Aarås, A., Dainoff, M., Ro, O. and Thoresen, M. (2001a) Can a more neutral position of the forearm when operating a computer mouse reduce the pain level for visual display unit operators? A prospective epidemiological intervention study. Part II. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction 13, 13-40.

 

Aarås, A., Fostervold, K., Ro, O., Thoresen, M. and Larsen, S. (1997) Postural load during VDU work: a comparison between various work postures. Ergonomics 40, 1255-1268.

 

 

Aarås, A., Horgen, G., Bjorset, H., Ro, O. and Thoresen M. (1998) Musculoskeletal, visual and psychosocial stress in VDU operators before and after multidisciplinary ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics 29, 335-354.

 

 

Aarås, A., Horgen, G., Bjorset, H., Ro, O. and Walsoe, H. (2001b) Musculoskeletal, visual and psychosocial stress in VDU operators before and after multidisciplinary ergonomic interventions. A 6 years prospective study. Part II. Applied Ergonomics 32, 559-571.

 

Aarås, A., Horgen, G. and Ro, O. (2000) Work with the visual display unit: Health consequences. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction 12, 107-134.

 

 

Aarås, A. and Ro, O. (1997) Workload when using a mouse as an input device. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction 9, 105-118.

 

Andersen, J., Kaergaard, A., Frost, P., Thomsen, J., Bonde, J., Fallentin, N., Borg, V. and Mikkelsen, S. (2002) Physical, psychosocial, and individual risk factors for neck/shoulder pain with pressure tenderness in the muscles among workers performing monotonous, repetitive work. Spine 27, 660-667.

 

 

Ariens, G., Bongers, P., Douwes, M., Miedema, M., Hoogendoorn, W., van der Wal, G., Bouter, L. and van Mechelen, W. (2001a) Are neck flexion, neck rotation, and sitting at work risk factors for neck pain? Results of a prospective cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 200-207.

 

Ariens, G., van Mechelen, W., Bongers, P., Bouter, L. and van der Wal, G. (2000) Physical risk factors for neck pain. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 26, 7-19.

 

 

Ariens, G., van Mechelen, W., Bongers, P., Bouter, L. and van der Wal, G. (2001b) Psychosocial risk factors for neck pain: a systematic review. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39, 180-193.

 

Armstrong, T., Buckle, P., Fine, L., Hagberg, M., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, A., Kuorinka, I. , Silverstein, B., Sjogaard, G. and Viikari-Juntura, E. (1993) A conceptual model for work-related neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 19, 73-84.

 

Armstrong, T., Foulke, J., Joseph, B. and Goldstein, S. (1982) Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 43, 103-116.

 

Aromaa, A. and Koskinen, S. (2002) Health and functional capacity in Finland. Baseline results of the Health 2000 health examination survey. The National Public Health Institute B3/2002, Helsinki.

 

Balogh, I., Hansson, G., Ohlsson, K., Stromberg, U. and Skerfving, S. (1999) Interindividual variation of physical load in a work task. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 25, 57-66.

 

Bayeh, A. and Smith, M. (1999) Effect of physical ergonomics on VDT workers' health: A longitudinal intervention field study in service organization. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction 11, 109-135.

 

Begg, C., Cho, M., Eastwood, S., Horton, R., Moher, D., Olkin, I., Pitkin, R., Rennie, D., Schulz, K., Simel, D. and Stroup, D. (1996) Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. The Journal of the American Medical Association 276, 637-639.

 

Bergqvist, U. and Knave, B. (1994) Eye discomfort and work with visual display terminals. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 20, 27-33.

 

Bergqvist, U., Wolgast, E., Nilsson, B. and Voss, M. (1995a) The influence of VDT work on musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomics 38, 754-762.

 

Bergqvist, U., Wolgast, E., Nilsson, B. and Voss, M. (1995b) Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal workers: individual, ergonomic, and work organizational factors. Ergonomics 38, 763-776.

 

 

Bernard, B. (1997) Musculoskeletal disorders and workplace factors: a critical review of epidemiologic evidence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the neck, upper extremity, and low back. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) publication  no. 97-141. Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

 

Bernard, B., Sauter, S., Fine, L., Petersen, M. and Hales, T. (1994) Job task and psychosocial risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 20, 417-426.

 

 

Bildt, C., Alfredsson, L., Punnett, L., Theobald, H., Torgen, M. and Wikman, A. (2001) Effects of drop out in a longitudinal study of musculoskeletal disorders. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 194-199.

 

Birch, L., Christensen, H., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Graven-Nielsen, T. and Sogaard, K. (2000) The influence of experimental muscle pain on motor unit activity during low-level contraction. European Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 200-206.

 

 

Blatter, B. and Bongers, P. (2001) Duration for computer use and mouse use in relation to musculoskeletal disorders of neck and upper limb. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 30, 295-306.

 

Bongers, P., Kremer, A., ter Laak, J. (2002) Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist? A review of the epidemiological literature. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 41, 315-342.

 

 

Brisson, C., Montreuil, S. and Punnett, L. (1999) Effects of an ergonomic training program on workers with video display units. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 25, 255-263.

 

Buchholz, B. and Wellman, H. (1997) Practical operation of a biaxial goniometer at the wrist joint. Human Factors 39, 119-129.

 

 

Buckle, P. (1997) Work factors and upper limb disorders. British Medical Journal 315, 1360-1363.

 

Burgess-Limerick, R., Plooy, A., Fraser, K. and Ankrum, D. (1999) The influence of computer monitor height on head and neck posture. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 3, 171-179.

 

 

Burmester, U. (1997) Bildschirmarbeit EU-konform. Das SANUS-Handbuch - Information, Analyse, Gestaltung. In: Schriftenreihe der BauA. Bremerhaven : Wirtschaftsverlag.

 

Cassou, B., Derriennic, F., Monfort, C., Norton, J. and Touranchet, A. (2002) Chronic neck and shoulder pain, age, and working conditions: longitudinal results from a large random sample in France. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59, 537-544.

 

 

Colombini, D. (1998) An observational method for classifying exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. Ergonomics 41, 1261-1289.

 

 

Cook, C., Burgess-Limerick, R. and Chang, S. (2000) The prevalence of neck and upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in computer mouse users. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26, 347-356.

 

Corlett, E., Madeley, S. and Manenica, I. (1979) Posture targetting: A technique for recording working postures. Ergonomics 22, 357-366.

 

 

Devereux, J., Vlachonikolis, I. and Buckle, P. (2002) Epidemiological study to investigate potential interaction between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the risk of symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59, 269-277.

 

Dowler, E., Kappes, B., Fenaughty, A. and Pemberton, G. (2001) Effects of neutral posture on muscle tension during computer use. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 7, 61-78.

 

Eriksen, W., Natvig, B., Knardahl, S. and Bruusgaard, D. (1999) Job characteristics as predictors of neck pain. A 4-year prospective study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, 893-902.

 

EU employment and social policy 1999-2001: jobs, cohesion, productivity. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 2001.

 

Fallentin, N., Juul-Kristensen, B., Mikkelsen, S., Andersen, J., Bonde, J., Frost, P. and Endahl, L. (2001) Physical exposure assessment in monotonous repetitive work. The PRIM study. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 27, 21-29.

 

Fanger, P. and Christensen, N. (1986) Perception of draught in ventilated spaces. Ergonomics 29, 215-235.

 

Ferrel, C., Orliaguet, J., Leifflen, D., Bard, C. and Fleury, M. (2001) Visual context and the control of movements through video display. Human Factors 43, 56-65.

 

Fogleman, M. and Brogmus, G. (1995) Computer mouse use and cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities. Ergonomics 38, 2465-2475.

 

Fransson-Hall, C., Bystrom, S. and Kilbom, A. (1996) Characteristics of forearm-hand exposure in relation to symptoms among automobile assembly line workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 29, 15-22.

 

Fransson-Hall, C., Gloria, R., Kilbom, Å., Winkel, J., Karlqvist, L. and Wiktorin, C. (1995) A portable ergonomic observation-method (PEO) for computerised on-line recording of postures and manual handling. Applied Ergonomics 26, 93-100.

 

Fredriksson, K., Alfredsson, L., Ahlberg, G., Josephson, M., Kilbom, A., Wigaeus Hjelm, E., Wiktorin, C. and Vingard, E. (2002) Work environment and neck and shoulder pain: the influence of exposure time. Results from a population based case-control study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59, 182-188.

 

Fries Svensson, H. and Svensson, O. (2001) The influence of the viewing angle on neck-load during work with video display units. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 33, 133-136.

 

Genaidy, A., Al-Shedi, A. and Shell, R. (1993) Ergonomic risk assessment: preliminary guidelines for analysis of repetition, force and posture. Journal of Human Ergology ( Tokyo) 22, 45-55.

 

Gerr, F. and Letz, R. (2000) Clinical diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome. The Journal of Hand Surgery [Am] 25, 778-779.

 

Gerr, F., Marcus, M., Ensor, C., Kleinbaum, D., Cohen, S., Edwards, A., Gentry, E., Ortiz, D. and Monteilh, C. (2002) A prospective study of computer users: I. Study design and incidence of musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 41, 221-235.

 

Gerr, F., Marcus, M., Ortiz, D., White, B., Jones, W., Cohen, S., Gentry, E., Edwards, A. and Bauer, E. (2000) Computer users' postures and associations with workstation characteristics. A Journal for the Science of Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety 61, 223-230.

 

Hagberg, M. (2002) Clinical assessment of musculoskeletal disorders in workers exposed to hand-arm vibration. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 75, 97-105.

 

Hansson, T. and Westerholm, P. (2001) Arbete och besvär i rörelseorganen. En vetenskaplig värdering av frågor om samband. Report 13, Arbetslivsinstitutet, Stockholm.

 

Hedge, A., Morimoto, S. and McCrobie, D. (1999) Effects of keyboard tray geometry on upper body posture and comfort. Ergonomics 42, 1333-1349.

 

Heliövaara, M. (1987) Body height, obesity, and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine 12, 469-472.

 

Henning, R., Jacques, P., Kissel, G., Sullivan, A. and  Alteras-Webb, S. (1997) Frequent short rest breaks from computer work: effects on productivity and well-being at two field sites. Ergonomics 40, 78-91.

 

Hildebrandt, V., Bongers, P,. Dul, J., van Dijk, F. and Kemper, H. (2000) The relationship between leisure time, physical activities and musculoskeletal symptoms and disability in worker populations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 73, 507-518.

 

Häkkänen, M., Viikari-Juntura, E. and Martikainen, R. (2001) Incidence of musculoskeletal disorders among newly employed manufacturing workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 27, 381-387.

 

Jensen, C., Borg, V., Finsen, L., Hansen, K., Juul-Kristensen, B. and Christensen, H. (1998) Job demands, muscle activity and musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to work with the computer mouse. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 24, 418-424.

 

Jensen, C., Ryholt, C., Burr, H., Villadsen, E. and Christensen, H. (2002) Work-related psychological, physical and individual factors with musculoskeletal symptoms in computer users. Work&Stress 16, 107-120.

 

Juul-Kristensen, B., Fallentin, N. and Ekdahl, C. (1997) Criteria for classification of posture in repetitive work by observation methods: A review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 19, 397-411.

 

Juul-Kristensen, B., Hansson, G., Fallentin, N., Andersen, J. and Ekdahl C. (2001) Assessment of work postures and movements using a video-based observation method and direct technical measurements. Applied Ergonomics 32, 517-524.

 

Kaergaard, A. and Andersen, J. (2000) Musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and shoulders in female sewing machine operators: prevalence, incidence, and prognosis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine; 57, 528-534.

 

Karhu, O., Kansi, P. and Kuorinka, I. (1977) Correcting working postures in industry: A practical method for analysis. Applied Ergonomics (8), 199-201.

 

Karjalainen, A., Aalto, A., Jolanki, R., Keskinen, H., Mäkinen, I. and Saalo, A. (2002) Ammattitaudit 2001, Työperäisten sairauksien rekisteriin ilmoitetut uudet tapaukset. Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki.

 

Karlqvist, L. (1997) Assessment of physical work load at visual display unit workstations: Ergonomic applications and gender aspects. Arbete och hälsa (9), 1-66.

 

Karlqvist, L., Bernmark, E., Ekenvall, L., Hagberg, M., Isaksson, A. and Rosto, T. (1998) Computer mouse position as a determinant of posture, muscular load and perceived exertion. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 24, 62-73.

 

Karlqvist, L., Hagberg, M., Koster, M.and Wenemark, M. (1996) Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Computer-assisted Design (CAD) Operators and Evaluation of a Self-assessment Questionnaire. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 2, 185-194.

 

Karlqvist, L., Hagberg, M. and Selin, K. (1994) Variation in upper limb posture and movement during word processing with and without mouse use. Ergonomics 37, 1261-1267.

 

Keyserling, M. (1986a) A computer-aided system to evaluate postural stress in the workplace. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 47, 641-649.

 

Keyserling, M. (1986b) Postural analysis of the trunk and shoulders in simulated real time. Ergonomics 29, 569-583.

 

Keyserling, M., Armstrong, T. and Punnett, L. (1991) Ergonomic job analysis: A structured approach for identifying risk factors associated with overexertion injuries and disorders. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6, 353-363.

 

Keyserling, M., Stetson, D., Silverstein, B. and Brouwer, M. (1993) A checklist for evaluating ergonomic risk factors associated with upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. Ergonomics 36, 807-831.

 

Kihlberg, S. and Hagberg, M. (1997) Hand-arm symptoms related to impact and nonimpact hand-held power tools. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 69, 282-288.

 

Kilbom, Å. (1994a) Assessment of physical exposure in relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders - What information can be obtained from systematic observations? Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 20(spec), 30-45.

 

Kilbom, Å. (1994b) Repetitive work of the upper extremity: Part I -guidelines for the practitioner. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 14, 51-86.

 

Kilbom, Å. (1994c) Repetitive work of the upper extremity: Part II - The scientific basis (knowledge base) for the guide. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 14, 51-57.

 

Kitahara, T., Schnoz, M., Laubli, T., Wellig, P. and Krueger, H. (2000) Motor-unit activity in the trapezius muscle during rest, while inputting data, and during fast finger tapping. European Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 181-189.

 

Kukkonen, R., Hanhinen, H. and Ketola, R. (2001) Työfysioterapia,Yhteistyötä työ- ja toimintakyvyn hyväksi. Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki.

 

Kuorinka, I. and Forcier, L. (1992) Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs): A Reference Book for Prevention. London: Taylor and Francis.

 

Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, Å., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sørensen, F., Andersson, G. and Jørgensen, K. (1987) Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied Ergonomics 18, 233-237.

 

Kurppa, K., Viikari-Juntura, E., Kuosma, E., Huuskonen, M., and Kivi, P. (1991) Incidence of tenosynovitis or peritendinitis and epicondylitis in a meat-processing factory. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 17, 32-37.

 

Landis, J. and Koch, G. (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 159-174.

 

Latko, W., Armstrong, T., Franzblau, A., Ulin, S., Werner, R. and Albers, J. (1999) Cross-sectional study of the relationship between repetitive work and the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 36, 248-259.

 

Laursen, B., Jensen, B., Garde, A. and Jorgensen, A. (2002) Effect of mental and physical demands on muscular activity during the use of a computer mouse and a keyboard. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 28, 215-221.

 

Leclerc, A., Landre, M., Chastang, J., Niedhammer, I. and Roquelaure, Y. (2001) Upper-limb disorders in repetitive work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 27, 268-278.

 

Leclerc, A., Niedhammer, I., Landre, M., Ozguler, A., Etore, P., Pietri-Taleb, F. (1999) One-year predictive factors for various aspects of neck disorders. Spine 24, 1455-1462.

 

Leskinen, T., Hall, C., Rauas, S., Ulin, S., Tonnes, M., Viikari-Juntura, E., Takala, E-P. (1997) Validation of Portable Ergonomic Observation (PEO) method using optoelectronic and video recordings. Applied Ergonomics 28, 75-83.

 

Lewis, M., Hay, E., Paterson, S. and Croft, P. (2002) Effects of manual work on recovery from lateral epicondylitis. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 28, 109-116.

 

Li, G. and Buckle, P. (1999) Current techniques for assessing physical exposure to work-related musculoskeletal risks, with emphasis on posture-based methods. Ergonomics 42, 674-695.

 

Lintula, M., Nevala-Puranen, N. and Louhevaara, V. (2001) Effects of Ergorest arm supports on muscle strain and wrist positions during the use of the mouse and keyboard in work with visual display units: a work site intervention. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 7, 103-116.

 

Malchaire, J., Cock, N. and Robert, A. (1996) Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders at the wrist as a function of angles, forces, repetitiveness and movement velocities. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 22, 176-181.

 

Marcus, M. and Gerr, F. (1996) Upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms among female office workers: associations with video display terminal use and occupational psychosocial stressors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 29, 161-170.

 

Marcus, M., Gerr, F., Monteilh, C., Ortiz, D., Gentry, E., Cohen, S., Edwards, A., Ensor, C. and Kleinbaum, D. (2002) A prospective study of computer users: II. Postural risk factors for musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 41, 236-249.

 

Marklin, R. and Simoneau, G. (2001) Effect of setup configurations of split computer keyboards on wrist angle. Physical Therapy 81, 1038-1048.

 

McAtamney, L. and Corlett, N. (1993) RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics 24, 91-99.

 

McDonald, C. (2000) Epidemiology of Work Related Diseases. Second edition. London: BMJ Books.

 

Mekhora, K. and Liston, C. (2000) The effect of ergonomic intervention on discomfort in computer users with tension neck syndrome. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 26, 367-379.

 

Menozzi, M., Waldmann, H., Kundig, S., Krueger, H. and Spieler, W. (1999) Training in ergonomics at VDU workplace. Ergonomics 42, 835-845.

 

Mergler, D. (1999) Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in occupational health for a better understanding of the impact of work-related disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 25(4 Suppl), 54-60.

 

Miranda, H., Viikari-Juntura, E., Martikainen, R., Takala, E-P. and Riihimäki, H. (2001a) Physical exercise and musculoskeletal pain among forest industry workers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine& Science in Sports 11, 239-246.

 

Miranda, H., Viikari-Juntura, E., Martikainen, R., Takala, E-P. and  Riihimäki, H. (2001b) A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 528-534.

 

Moffet, H., Hagberg, M., Hansson-Risberg, E. and Karlqvist, L. (2002) Influence of laptop computer design and working position on physical exposure variables. Clinical Biomechanics ( Bristol, Avon) 17, 368-375.

 

Moon, S. and Sauter, S (1996) Beyond Biomechanics. Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work. London: Taylor&Francis.

 

Muggleton, J., Allen, R. and Chappell, P. (1999) Hand and arm injuries associated with repetitive manual work in industry: a review of disorders, risk factors and preventive measures. Ergonomics 42, 714-739.

 

Mäkelä, M., Heliövaara, M., Sainio, P., Knekt, P., Impivaara, O. and Aromaa, A. (1999) Shoulder joint impairment among Finns aged 30 years or over: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Rheumatology ( Oxford) 38, 656-662.

 

Nevala-Puranen, N., Pakarinen, K. and Louhevaara, V. (2003) Ergonomic intervention on neck, shoulder and arm symptoms of newspaper employees in work with visual display units. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 31, 1-10.

 

Occhipinti, E. (1998) OCRA: a concise index for the assessment of exposure to repetitive movements of the upper limbs. Ergonomics 41, 1290-1311.

 

Ovretveit, J. (1998) Evaluating Health Interventions. Buckingham: Open University Press.

 

Palmer, K., Griffin, M., Bendall, H., Pannett, B. and Cooper, C. and Coggon, D. (2000) The prevalence of sensorineural symptoms attributable to hand-transmitted vibration in Great Britain: a national postal survey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 38, 99-107.

 

Panel on musculoskeletal disorders and workplace, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Recearch Council and the Institute of Medicine (2001) Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: low back and upper extremities. National Academy Press, Washington DC.

 

Piirainen, H., Elo, A-L., Hirvonen, M., Kauppinen, K., Ketola, R., Laitinen, H., Lindström, K., Reijula, K., Riala, R., Viluksela, M. and Virtanen, S. (2000) Työ ja terveys -haastattelututkimus v. 2000, Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki.

 

Psihogios, J., Sommerich, C., Mirka, G. and Moon, S. (2001) A field evaluation of monitor placement effects in VDT users. Applied Ergonomics 32, 313-325.

 

Punnett, L. (1998) Ergonomic stressors and upper extremity disorders in vehicle manufacturing: cross sectional exposure-response trends. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55, 414-420.

 

Punnett, L. and Bergqvist, U. (1997) Visual display unit work and upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Arbete och hälsa16, 1-161.

 

Punnett, L., Fine, L., Keyserling, W., Herrin, G. and Chaffin, D. (2000) Shoulder disorders and postural stress in automobile assembly work. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 26, 283-291.

 

Rasa, P-L. and Ketola, R. (2002) Näppärä, Näyttöpäätetyön ergonomian ja työympäristön arviointi. Työterveyslaitos, Helsinki.

 

Rempel, D., Serina, E., Klinenberg, E., Martin, B., Armstrong, T., Foulke, J. and Natarajan, S. (1997) The effect of keyboard keyswitch make force on applied force and finger flexor muscle activity. Ergonomics 40, 800-808.

 

Rempel, D., Tittiranonda, P., Burastero, S., Hudes, M. and So, Y. (1999) Effect of keyboard keyswitch design on hand pain. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/ American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41, 111-119.

 

Riihimäki, H. and Heliövaara, M. (2002) Tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien työryhmä. Tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairaudet. Terveys ja toimintakyky Suomessa. Terveys 2000 -tutkimuksen perustulokset. Kansanterveyslaitos, terveyden ja toimintakyvyn osasto, Helsinki.

 

Sakakibara, H. and Yamada, S. (1995) Vibration syndrome and autonomic nervous system. Central European Journal of Public Health 3(Suppl), 11-14.

 

Salvendy, G. (1997) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

 

Seppälä, P. (2001) Experience of stress, musculoskeletal discomfort, and eyestrain in computer-based office work: a study in municipal workplaces. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction (13), 279-304.

 

Silverstein, B., Fine, L. and Armstrong, T. (1986) Hand wrist cumulative trauma disorders in industry. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 43, 779-784.

 

Silverstein, B., Fine, L. and Armstrong, T. (1987a) Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 11, 343-358.

 

Silverstein, B., Fine, L. and Stetson, D. (1987b) Hand-wrist disorders among investment casting plant workers. The Journal of Hand Surgery [Am]; 12, 838-844.

 

Simoneau, G. and Marklin, R. (2001) Effect of computer keyboard slope and height on wrist extension angle. Human Factor 43, 287-298.

 

Sjögaard, G., Lundberg, U. and Kadefors, R. (2000) The role of muscle activity and mental load in the development of pain and degenerative processes at the muscle cell level during computer work. European Journal of Applied Physiology 83, 99-105.

 

Sluiter, J., Rest, K. and Frings-Dresen, M. (2001) Criteria document for evaluating the work-relatedness of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 27(1 Suppl), 1-102.

 

Sotoyama, M., Jonai, H., Saito, S. and Villanueva, M. (1996) Analysis of ocular surface area for comfortable VDT workstation layout. Ergonomics 39, 877-884.

 

Stetson, D., Keyserling, W., Silverstein, B. and Leonard J. (1991) Observational analysis of the hand and wrist: A pilot study. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6, 927-937.

 

Stetson, D., Silverstein, B., Keyserling, M., Wolfe, R. and Albers, J. (1993) Median sensory distal amplitude and latency: Comparisons between nonexposed managerial/professional employees and industrial workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 24, 175-89.

 

Swanson, N., Galinsky, T., Cole, L., Pan, C. and Sauter, S. (1997) The impact of keyboard design on comfort and productivity in a text- entry task. Applied Ergonomics 28, 9-16.

 

Takala, E-P. (2002) Static muscular load, an increasing hazard in modern information technology. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 28, 211-213.

 

Tittiranonda, P., Burastero, S. and Rempel, D. (1999a) Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among computer users. Occupational Medicine 14, 17-38.

 

Tittiranonda, P., Rempel, D., Armstrong, T. and Burastero, S. (1999b) Effect of four computer keyboards in computer users with upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 35, 647-661.

 

Tittiranonda, P., Rempel, D., Armstrong, T. and Burastero, S. (1999c) Workplace use of an adjustable keyboard: adjustment preferences and effect on wrist posture. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, 340-348.

 

Torgén, M., Punnett, L., Alfredsson, L. and Kilbom, Å. (1999) Physical capacity in relation to present and past physical load at work. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 36, 388-400.

 

Turville, K., Psihogios, J., Ulmer, T. and Mirka, G. (1998) The effects of video display terminal height on the operator: a comparison of the 15 degree and 40 degree recommendations. Applied Ergonomics 29, 239-246.

 

Wahlström, J., Svensson, J., Hagberg, M. and Johnson, P. (2000) Differences between work methods and gender in computer mouse use. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 26, 390-397.

 

van der Windt, D., Thomas, E., Pope, D., de Winter, A., Macfarlane, G., Bouter, L. and Silman, A. (2000) Occupational risk factors for shoulder pain: a systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57, 433-442.

 

Westgaard, R. and Winkel, J. (1997) Ergonomic intervention research for improved musculoskeletal health: A critical review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 20, 463-500.

 

WHO. Technical Report no. 174. (1985) Identification and control of work related diseases. WHO, Geneva.

 

Viikari-Juntura, E. (1995) The role of physical stressors in the development of hand/wrist and elbow disorders. In: Repetitive motion disorders of the upper extremity. Eds: Gordon S, Blair S, Fine L. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Symposium, Rosemont IL. 7-30.

 

Viikari-Juntura, E., Kurppa, K., Kuosma, E., Huuskonen, M., Kuorinka, I., Ketola, R. and Könni, U. (1991) Prevalence of epicondylitis and elbow pain in the meat-processing industry. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health; 17, 38-45.

 

Viikari-Juntura, E., Martikainen, R., Luukkonen, R., Mutanen, P., Takala, E-P. and Riihimäki, H. (2001) Longitudinal study on work related and individual risk factors affecting radiating neck pain. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 345-352.

 

Viikari-Juntura, E. and Silverstein, B. (1999) Role of physical load factors in carpal tunnel syndrome. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 25, 163-185.

 

Wiktorin, C., Karlqvist, L. and Winkel, J. (1993) Stockholm MUSIC I study group. Validity of self-reported exposures to work postures and manual materials handling. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 19, 208-214.

 

Villanueva, M., Jonai, H., Sotoyama, M., Hisanaga, N., Takeuchi, Y. and Saito, S. (1997) Sitting posture and neck and shoulder muscle activities at different screen height settings of the visual display terminal. Industrial Health 35, 330-336.

 

Villanueva, M., Sotoyama, M., Jonai, H., Takeuchi, Y. and Saito, S. (1996) Adjustments of posture and viewing parameters of the eye to changes in the screen height of the visual display terminal. Ergonomics 39, 933-945.

 

Winkel, J. and Mathiassen, S. (1994) Assessment of physical work load in epidemiologic studies: concepts, issues and operational considerations. Ergonomics 37, 979-988.

 

Winkel, J. and Westgaard, R. (1992) Ergonomic intervention research for improved musculoskeletal health: A critical review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 20, 463-500.

 

Zecevic, A., Miller, D. and Harburn, K. (2000) An evaluation of the ergonomics of three computer keyboards. Ergonomics 43, 55-72.