|
Effect |
Authors |
|
Decrease in chest wall elasticity |
Crapo, 1993 |
|
Increase in thoracic kyphosis |
Crapo, 1993 |
|
Increase in diaphragmatic activity during breathing |
Teramoto et al., 1995 |
|
Decrease in ciliary function
|
Tockmann, 1994 |
|
Attenuation of immune reactions |
Abbas et al., 1995 |
|
Increase in resistance to airway passage |
Dempsey and Seals, 1995 |
|
Decrease in lung elasticity |
Reiser et al., 1987 |
|
Decrease in functional respiratory area |
Thurlbeck, 1991 |
|
Decrease in vital capacity |
|
|
Worsening of gas exchange in the alveoli |
Dempsey and Seals, 1995 |