Table 1.  Unilateral values (Mean ± SD) for the variables of vGRFmax, vGRFmean (outside phase); vGRFmin, vGRFmean (inside phase); vGRFmin, vGRFmean (edge changing phase) determined by pressure insoles (PI) and force plates (FP) depending on the test situations: expert (n=10) vs. intermediate (n=10) level skiers, low vs. high dynamic skiing modes, on 15° (flat) vs. 23° (steep) slopes. When global significances for the factor “system” were observed, paired-sample t-tests between the force determined by the FP and the PI were additionally carried out. Significant differences between the systems are indicated by *. Interaction effects (2 skier’s groups ×(2 systems ∙2 skiing modes ∙2 pitches)) repeated ANOVA) are indicated by the level of significance (p) and effect size (ηp²). Data are means (±SD).
     

Expert group

Intermediate group 

Interaction

Interaction

Interaction
     

  High dynamic skiing mode

Low dynamic skiing mode

High dynamic skiing mode

Low dynamic skiing mode

  System x
level

System x
mode

System x
slope

Variable

Unit

System

Flat slope

Steep slope

Flat slope

Steep slope

Flat slope

Steep slope

Flat slope

Steep slope

p

ηp²

p

ηp²

p

ηp²

vGRFmean

[N/BW]

PI

.87 (.14)

.82 (.17)

.83 (.16)

.78 (.18)

.90 (.16)

.78 (.14)

.86 (.16)

.79 (.18)

.02

.29

.00

.39

.00

.79

FP

1.26 (.08)*

1.15 (.08)*

1.27 (.08)*

1.18 (.10)*

1.18 (.13)*

1.01 (.11)*

1.15 (.11)*

1.04 (.10)*

vGRFmax

[N/BW]

PI

1.16 (.18)

1.22 (.21)

1.03 (.12)

1.06 (.18)

1.19 (.22)

1.11 (.21)

1.12 (.20)

1.09 (.25)

.00

.59

.39

.04

.06

.19

FP

1.91 (.18)*

2.05 (.20)*

1.76 (.09)*

1.86 (.13)*

1.68 (.25)*

1.61 (.21)*

1.59 (.14)*

1.60 (.20)*

vGRFmean

[N/BW]

PI

.42 (.13)

.42 (.15)

.32 (.12)

.32 (.14)

.39 (.07)

.36 (.08)

.34 (.08)

.31 (.09)

.65

.01

.00

.42

.10

.15

FP

.56 (.09)*

.62 (.13)*

.48 (.09)*

.49 (.13)*

.51 (.05)*

.53 (.06)*

.45 (.03)

.45 (.05)*

vGRFmin

[N/BW]

PI

.30 (.11)

.26 (.13)

.21 (.09)

.21 (.10)

.27 (.06)

.23 (.05)

.21 (.06)

.16 (.07)

.39

.04

.29

.07

.00

.44

FP

.27 (.04)

.15 (.09)

.26 (.06)

.26 (.10)

.26 (.08)

.20 (.10)

.27 (.06)

.19 (.11)

vGRFmean

[N/BW]

PI

.60 (.13)

.49 (.14)

.58 (.19)

.49 (.19)

.54 (.12)

.41 (.12)

.49 (.11)

.42 (.11)

.04

.22

.00

.58

.01

.38

FP

.76 (.09)*

.60 (.12)*

.83 (.22)*

.67 (.18*

.62 (.14)

.49 (.11)

.62 (.12)

.53 (.129

vGRFmin

[N/BW]

PI

.36 (.13)

.30 (.14)*

.31 (.16)

.26 (.12)

.33 (.10)

.23 (.08)*

.31 (.10)

.23 (.11)

.19

.10

.00

.58

.00

.60

FP

.34 (.10)

.15 (.09)

.37 (.10)

.26 (.11)

.27 (.10)

.09 (.08)

.31 (.11)

.15 (.14)