Table 1. Means and standard deviations (in brackets) in seven dependent measures and TMD
pre- and post-exercise performed at self-selected exercise intensity in the field experiment.

Dependent measure

Pre-Exercise

Post- Exercise

Effect size (d)

Significance

Anger

8.62 (3.97)

7.08 (2.11)

.39

p = .001

Confusion

6.59 (2.62)

5.25 (2.06)

.51

p = .001

Depression

9.96 (4.38)

8.19 (2.20)

.40

p = .001

Fatigue

9.81 (4.31)

11.43 (4.97)

.38

p = .01

Self-esteem

20.30 (3.23)

21.82 (3.20)

.47

p = .001

Tension

10.86 (3.94)

8.18 (2.45)

.68

p = .001

Vigor

11.86 (3.34)

13.94 (4.05)

.62

p = .001

TMD

13.69 (18.91)

4.35 (13.03)

.49

p = .001