Control group (n=12)

Strength group (n=12)

Endurance group (n=12)

Age (year)

72.3 (2.1)

75.8 (2.8 )

70.9 (3.1)

SMMSE (score)

27.1 (.6)

 25.6 (.7)

 26.5 (.6)

Education (year)

 8.0 (1.4)

 7.9 (1.6)

 10.1 (1.8)

Body Mass Index (kg·m^-2)

 29.5 (1.3)

31.2 (2.9)

 29.1 (1.4)

Composite physical function (point)

 18.7 (1.2 )

 19.8 (.9)

 21.9 (.9)

Geriatric depression scale (point)

 10.2 (.3)

9.8 (.3)

 9.9 (.3)

Chair sit-and-reach (cm)

 -9.3 (6.3)

 -12.0 (4.5)

 -6.1 (2.8)

Back scratch, cm

 -16.7 (5)

 -14.1 (4.8)

 -6.4 (3.2)

Arm curl (reps)

 16.8 (.8 )

 15.3 (1.4)

 12.3 (1.0) *

Chair stand (reps)

 12.1 (.9 )

 11.5 (1.0)

 12 (.6)

8 ft up-and-go (sec)

 8.6 (.9)

 7.0 (.6)

 6.2 (.5)

6-min walk (m)

 338.2 (31.5 )

 359.0 (35.6)

 430.5 (15.6)