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Subjects |
Supplementation Protocol |
Test Protocol |
Results |
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Performance |
Body Composition |
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Havenetidis et |
21 (11 Male; 10 |
2 identical supplementation periods;
4 |
Stroke not specified |
Greater improvements in |
Not specified |
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al. 1996 |
Female) |
months apart |
10x50m sprints at 1min |
performance for the creatine group |
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Elite swimmers |
5g Creatine OR 5g placebo |
intervals |
compared to the placebo group |
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5 x per day, 4 Days |
8x100m sprints at 2min |
following the first |
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No randomisation, double blinded |
intervals |
supplementation period. |
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15x100m sprints at 1min |
Further improvements in |
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40sec intervals |
performance following the second |
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supplementation period for the |
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creatine group. |
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Grindstaff et |
18 (7 Male; 11 |
21g Creatine monohydrate + 4.2g
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Freestyle |
Swim 1 and 2: Improved |
No significant |
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al. 1997 |
Female) |
maltodextrin OR 25.2g maltodextrin |
3x100m sprints |
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~ 15 yrs |
9 Days |
60sec passive rest between |
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Regionally/nationally |
Randomised, double blinded |
sprints |
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competitive amateur |
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swimmers |
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Peyrebrune et |
14 (Male) |
3g Creatine + 1.5g maltodextrin
+ 1.5g |
Preferred stroke |
Significant reduction in |
Not specified |
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al. 1998 |
~ 20-21 yrs |
glucose OR 6g glucose |
8x50yd sprints at 1min |
cumulative swim time (2%) in the |
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National level |
3 x per day, 5 Days |
30sec intervals |
creatine group. |
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swimmers |
Randomised, double blinded |
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Theodorou |
12 (8 Males; 4 |
Acute loading period: 5g creatine |
Stroke not specified |
Significant improvements in mean |
Not specified |
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and Cooke |
Females) |
5 x per day, 4 days |
10x50m sprints; 60sec - |
swim time (2%) after acute |
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1998 |
~ 17 yrs |
Maintenance period: 5g creatine
OR 5g |
swim time recovery |
Loading. |
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Elite Swimmers |
placebo |
8x100m sprints; 2min - |
No significant difference in mean |
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1 x per day, 8 weeks |
swim time recovery |
swim time between post acute |
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Randomised, blinding not specified |
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loading and the end of 2 months. |
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Leenders et al. |
32 (18 Male; 14 |
Acute loading period: 4 x 5g
creatine |
Preferred stroke |
Significant improvement in |
No significant changes |
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1999 |
Female) |
dissolved in 150ml 6% maltodextrin
solution |
6x50m sprints at 3min |
velocity (2%) over 6x50m interval |
in body mass, fat free |
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~ 19 yrs |
OR 150ml 6% maltodextrin solution |
intervals |
set in males only following |
mass and percent body |
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Competitive |
4 x per day, 6 days |
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creatine supplementation. |
fat. |
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university swimmers |
Maintenance period: 5g Creatine
dissolved in |
10x25yd sprints at 60s |
No improvements in velocity over |
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150ml 6% maltodextrin solution
OR 150ml |
intervals |
10x25y interval set in males or |
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maltodextrin solution |
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females following creatine |
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2 x per day, 7 days |
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supplementation. |
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Randomised, double blinded |
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Theodorou et |
22 (12 Male; 10 |
Acute loading period: 5g creatine
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Stroke not specified |
Significant improvements in mean |
Significant increase in |
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al. 1999 |
Female) |
monohydrate |
10x50m sprints; 60sec - |
swim time (1.5%) after acute |
body mass (0.6%) |
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~ 19 yrs |
5 x per day, 4 days |
swim time recovery |
Loading. |
following acute |
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National level |
Maintenance period: 5g creatine
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8x100m sprints; 2min - |
No significant difference in mean |
creatine loading. |
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swimmers |
monohydrate OR 5g polythene glycol
4000 |
swim time recovery |
swim time between post acute |
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1 x per day, 8 weeks |
15x100m sprints; 2min - |
loading and the end of 2 months |
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Randomised, blinding not specified |
swim time recovery |
maintenance for either group. |
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Mendes et al. |
18 (12 Male; 6 |
5g Creatine + 20g CHO OR 20g
CHO |
Preferred stroke |
No effect on performance in either |
Significant increase in |
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2004 |
Female) |
4 x per day, 8 Days |
3 x 3 x 50m sprints |
Group. |
total body mass, lean |
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~ 19 yrs |
Double blind, placebo controlled |
30 second intervals |
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body mass and body |
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Competitive |
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between sprints |
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water in the creatine |
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swimmers |
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150 second intervals |
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group only. |
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between sets |
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No change in bone or |
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muscle mass. |
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Mero et al. |
16 (8 Male; 8 |
5g Creatine OR 5g maltodextrin
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Freestyle |
Increase in swim time between the |
No significant changes |
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2004 |
Female) |
4 x per day, 6 Days |
2 x 100m sprints |
2 sprints was greater in the |
in body weight or |
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~ 17-18 yrs |
0.3g Maltodextrin OR 0.3g Sodium
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10 minutes passive rest |
placebo group than the |
percent body fat. |
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National level |
Bicarbonate per kg of body weight
on the |
between sprints |
combination creatine and sodium |
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swimmers |
test day |
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bicarbonate group. |
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Theodorou et |
10 (6 Male; 4 |
5g Creatine OR 5g creatine +
500ml glucose |
Preferred stroke |
Significant improvements in swimming velocity for
both |
Most swimmers |
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