REFERENCES

Anderson, K. and Behm, D.G. (2005) Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, 33-45.

Behm, D.G., Leonard, A., Young, W., Bonsey, A. and MacKinnon, S. (2005) Trunk muscle EMG activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, 193-201.

Callaghan, J.P. and Dunk, N.M. (2002) Examination of the flexion relaxation phenomenon in erector spinae muscles during short duration slumped sitting. Clinical Biomechanics 17, 353-360.

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, (2003) The Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness and Lifestyle Approach. Third Edition: Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Cohen J. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd Edition. Ed: Hillsdale, N.J. L. Erbaum Associates. 567

Cresswell, A. G. and Thorstensson, A. (1989) The role of the abdominal musculature in the elevation of the intra-abdominal pressure during specified tasks. Ergonomics 32, 1237-1246.

Danneels, L.A., Cagnie, B.J., Cools, A.M., Vanderstraeten, G.G., Witvrouw, E.E. and De Cuyper, H.J. (2001) Intra-operator and inter-operator reliability of surface electromyography in the clinical evaluation of back muscles. Manual Therapy 6, 145-153.

Dolan, P., Mannion, F. and Adams, M.A. (1994) Passive tissues help the back muscles to generate extensor moments during lifting. JJournal of Biomechanics 27, 1077-1085.

Floyd, W.F. and Silver, P.H.S. (1955) The function of the erectores spinae muscles in certain movements and postures in man. Journal of Physiology (London) 129, 184-203.

Gantchev, G.N. and Dimitrova, D.M. (1996) Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with arm movements during balancing on unstable support surface. International Journal of Psychophysiology 22, 117-122.

Gibbons, S.G.T. and Comerford, M.J. (2001) Strength versus stability part II: Limitations and benefits. Orthopaedic Division Review March/April, 28-33.

Granata, K.P. and Marras, W.S. (1995) The influence of trunk muscle co-activity on dynamic spinal loads. Spine 20, 913-919.

Granata, K.P. and Orishimo, K.F. (2001) Response of trunk muscle co-activation to changes in spinal stability. Journal of Biomechanics 34, 1117-1123.

Gupta, A. (2001) Analyses of myo-electrical silence of erector spinae. Journal of Biomechanics 34, 491-496.

Hermann, K.M. and Barnes, W.S. (2001) Effects of eccentric exercise on trunk extensor torque and lumbar paraspinal EMG. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 33, 971-977.

Hodges, P.W., Cresswell, A.G., Daggfeldt, K. and Thorstensson, A. (2001) In vivo measurement of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure on the human spine. Journal of Biomechanics 34, 347-353.

Hodges, P.W. and Gandevia, S.C. (2000) Activation of the human diaphragm during a repetitive postural task. Journal of Physiology 522, 165-175.

Hodges, P.W., Gurfinkel, V.S., Brumagne, S., Smith, T. C. and Cordo, P.C. (2002) Coexistence of stability and mobility in postural control: evidence from postural compensation for respiration. Experimental Brain Research 144, 293-302.

Hodges, P.W. and Richardson, C.A. (1996) Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. Spine 21, 2640-2650.

Jenkins, J.R. (2003) The transversus abdominus and reconditioning the lower back. SStrength and Conditioning Journal 25, 60-66.

Jonsson, B. (1969) Morphology, innervation and electromyographic study of the erector spinae. Spine 2, 638-641.

Kaigle, A.M., Wessberg, P. and Hansson, T.H. (1998) Muscular and kinematic behavior of the lumbar spine during flexion-extension. Journal of Spinal Disorders 11, 163-174.

Kippers, V. and Parker, A.W. (1984) Posture related to myoelectric silence of erectores spinae during trunk flexion. Spine 9, 740-745.

Loram, I.D. and Lakie, M. (2002) Direct measurement of human ankle stiffness during quiet standing: the intrinsic mechanical stiffness is insufficient for stability. Journal of Physiology 545, 1041-1053.

Martini, F.H. (2001) Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Fifth Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publ. Toronto Ontario. 209-236.

McGill, S.M., Juker, D. and Kropf, P. (1996) Appropriately placed surface EMG electrodes reflect deep muscle activity (psoas, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall) in the lumbar spine. Journal of Biomechanics 29, 1503-1507.

McGill, S.M. and Kippers, V. (1994) Transfer of loads between lumbar tissues during flexion relaxation phenomenon. Spine 19, 2190-2196.

Mochizuki, G., Ivanova, T, and Garland, S. (2004) Postural muscle activity during bilateral and unilateral arm movements at different speeds. Experimental Brain Research 155, 352-361.

Morasso, P. G. and Sanguineti, V. (2001) Ankle muscle stiffness alone cannot stabilize balance during quiet standing. Journal of Neurophysiology 88, 2157-2162.

Mueller, G., Morlock, M.M., Vollmer, M., Honl, M., Hille, E., and Schneider, E. (1998) Intramuscular pressure in the erector spinae and intra-abdominal pressure related to posture and load. Spine 23, 2580-2590.

Nakazawa, K., Kawashima, N., Akai, M. and Yano, H. (2004) On the reflex coactivation of ankle flexor and extensor muscles induced by a sudden drop of support surface during walking in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 96, 604-611.

Ng, J. K., Kippers, V. and Richardson, C. A, (1998) Muscle fibre orientation of abdominal muscles and suggested surface EMG electrode positions. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38, 51-58.

Paris, S.V. (1985) Physical signs of instability. Spine 10, 277-279.

Peterka, R.J. (2002) Sensorimotor integration in human postural control. Journal of Neurophysiology 88, 1097-1118.

Schultz, A.B., Haderspeck-Grib, K., Sinkora, G. and Warwick, D.N. (1985) Quantitative studies of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the back muscles. JJournal of Orthopaedic Research 3, 189-197.

Silvonen, T. (1997) Flexion relaxation of the hamstring muscles during lumbar-pelvic rhythm. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitaton 78, 486-490.

Stokes, I.A.F., Henry, S.M. and Single, R.M. (2003) Surface EMG electrodes do not accurately record from lumbar multifidus muscles. Clinical Biomechanics 18, 9-13.

Tan, J.C., Parnianpour, M., Nordin, M., Hofer, H. and Willems, B. (1993) Isometric maximal and submaximal trunk extension at different flexed positions in standing. Spine 18, 2480-2490.

Winter, D.A., Patla, A.E., Prince, F., Ishac, M. and Gielo-Perczak, K. (1998) Stiffness control of balance in quiet standing. Journal of Neurophysiology 80, 1211-1221.