Albanese, A., Kewley, G.D., Long, A., Pearl, K.N., Robins, D.G. and Stanhope, R. (1994) Oral treatment for constitutional delay of growth and puberty in boys: a randomised trial of an anabolic steroid or testosterone undecanoate. Archives of Disease in Childhood 71, 315-317.

Alen, M. and Suominen, J. (1984) Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on spermatogenesis in power athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 5, 189-192.

Bagatell, C.J. and Bremner, W.J. (1996) Androgens in men - uses and abuses. New England Journal of Medicine 334, 707-714.

Beiner, J.M., Jokl, P., Cholewicki, J. and Panjabi, M.M. (1999) The effect of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids on healing of muscle contusion injury. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 27, 2-9.

Berning, J.M., Adams, K.J. and Stamford, B.A. (2004) Anabolic steroid usage in athletics: Facts, fiction, and public relations. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, 908-917.

Bhasin, S., Storer, T.W., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., Bunnell, T.J., Tricker, R., Shirazi, A. and Casaburi, R. (1996) The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in men. New England Journal of Medicine 335, 1-7.

Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L. and Storer T.W. (2001) Proof of the effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle. Journal of Endocrinology 170, 27-38.

Biely, J.R. (1987) Use of anabolic steroids by athletes. Do the risks outweigh the benefits? Postgraduate Medicine 82, 71-74.

Bowman, S.J. (1989) Anabolic steroids and infarction. British Medical Journal 299, 632.

Boje, O. (1939) Doping. Bulletin of the Health Organization of the League of Nations 8, 439-469.

Bronson, F.H. and Matherne, C.M. (1997) Exposure to anabolic-androgenic steroids shortens life span of male mice. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29, 615-619.

Cabasso, A. (1994) Peliosis hepatis in a young adult bodybuilder. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26, 2-4.

Climstein, M., O'Shea, P., Adams, K.J. and DiBeliso, M. (2003) The effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids upon resting and peak exercise left ventricular heart wall motion kinetics in male strength and power athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine and Sport. 6, 387-397.

Cohen, J.C., Faber, W.M., Spinnler Benade, A.J. and Noakes, T.D. (1986) Altered serum lipoprotein profiles in male and female power lifters ingesting anabolic steroids. Physician and Sportsmedicine 14, 131-136.

Costill, D.L., Pearson, D.R. and Fink, W.J. (1984) Anabolic steroid use among athletes: Changes in HDL-C levels. Physician and Sportsmedicine 12, 113-117.

Darden, E. (1983) The facts about anabolic steroids. Athletic Journal March, 100-101.

David, H.G., Green, J.T., Green, A.J. and Wilson, C.A. (1994) Simultaneous bilateral quadriceps rupture: a complication of anabolic steroid use. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British Volume 77, 159-160.

Derman, R.J. (1995) Effects of sex steroids on women's health: Implications for practitioners. American Journal of Medicine. 98(Suppl.), 137S-143S.

Dhar, R., Stout, C.W., Link, M.S., Homoud, M.K., Weinstock, J. and Estes, N.A. III. (2005) Cardiovascular toxicities of performance-enhancing substances in sports. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, 1308-1315.

Dickerman, R.D., Schaller, F. and McConathy, W.J. (1998) Left ventricular wall thickening does occur in elite power athletes with or without anabolic steroid use. Cardiology 90, 145-148.

Dickerman, R.D., Pertusi, R.M., Zachariah, N.Y., Dufour, D.R. and McConathy, W.J. (1999) Anabolic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity: Is it overstated? Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 9, 34-39.

Dobs, A.S. (1999) Is there a role for androgenic anabolic steroids in medical practice. Journal of American Medical Association 2281, 1326-1327.

Doeker, B., Müller-Michaels, J. and Andler, W. (1998) Induction of early puberty in a boy after treatment with oxandrolone? Hormone Research 50, 46-48.

Dubin, C. (1990) Commission of inquiry into the use of drugs and banned practices intended to increase athletic performance. (Catalogue No. CP32-56/1990E, ISBN 0-660-13610-4). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Government Publishing Center.

El-Serag, H.B. (2004) Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology 127, S27-S34.

Evans, N.A., Bowrey, D.J. and Newman, G.R. (1998) Ultrastructural analysis of ruptured tendon from anabolic steroid users. Injury 29, 769-773.

Fahey, T.D. and Brown, C.H. (1973) The effects of an anabolic steroid on the strength, body composition, and endurance of college males when accompanied by a weight training program. Medicine and Science in Sports 5, 272-276.

Ferenchick, G.S. (1991) Anabolic/androgenic steroid abuse and thrombosis: Is there a connection? Medical Hypothesis 35, 27-31.

Ferenchick, G.S. and Adelman, S. (1992) Myocardial infarction associated with anabolic steroid use in a previously healthy 37-year old weight lifter. American Heart Journal 124, 507-508.

Ferreira, I.M., Verreschi, I.T., Nery, L.E., Goldstein, R.S., Zamel, N., Brooks, D. and Jardim, J.R. (1998) The influence of 6 months of oral anabolic steroids on body mass and respiratory muscle sin undernourished COPD patients. Chest 114, 19-28.

Fineschi, V., Baroldi, G., Monciotti, F., Paglicci Reattelli, L. and Turillazzi, E. (2001) Anabolic steroid abuse and cardiac sudden death: A pathologic study. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 125, 253-255.

Fleck, S.J., Pattany, P.M., Stone, M.H., Kraemer, W.J., Thrush, J. and Wong, K. (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging determination of left ventricular mass: junior Olympic weightlifters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 225, 522-527.

Fleck, S.J. (2003) Cardiovascular responses to strength training. In: Strength and Power in Sport. Ed: Komi, P.V. 2nd edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. 387-406.

Forbes, G.B. (1985) The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: The dose response curve. Metabolism 34, 571-573.

Fowler, W.M. Jr., Gardner, G.W. and Egstrom, G.H. (1965) Effect of an anabolic steroid on physical performance in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology 20, 1038-1040.

Fudula, P.J., Weinrieb, R.M., Calarco, J.S., Kampman, K.M. and Boardman C. (2003) An evaluation of anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers over a period of 1 year: seven case studies. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 15, 121-130.

Geusens, P., Dequeker, J., Verstraeten, A., Nils, J. and Van Holsbeeck, M. (1986) Bone mineral content, cortical thickness and fracture rate in osteoporotic women after withdrawal of treatment with nandrolone decanoate, 1-alpha hydroxyvitamin D3, or intermittent calcium infusions. Maturitas 88, 281-289.

Golding, L.A., Freydinger, J.E. and Fishel, S.S. (1974) The effect of an androgenic-anabolic steroid and a protein supplement on size, strength, weight and body composition in athletes. Physician and Sportsmedicine 2, 39-45.

Gunes, Y., Erbas, C, Okuyan, E, Babalik, E. and Gürmen, T. (2004) Myocardial infarction with intracoronary thrombus induced by anabolic steroids. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi 4, 357- 358.

Hoffman, J.R. (2002) Physiological aspects of sport training and performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 15-26.

Jarow, J.P. and Lipshultz, L.I. (1990) Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. American Journal of Sports Medicine 18, 429-431.

Johansen, K.L., Mulligan, K. and Schambelan, M. (1999) Anabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate in patients receiving dialysis. Journal of American Medical Association 281, 1275-1281.

Karpakka, J.A., Pesola, M.K. and Takala, T.E. (1992) The effects of anabolic steroids on collagen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle and tendon. A preliminary report. American Journal of Sports Medicine 20, 262-266.

Kaufman, K.D. and Dawber, R.P. (1999) Finasteride, a type 2 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, in the treatment of men with androgenic alopecia. Expert Opinion of Investigational Drugs 8, 403-415.

Kennedy, M.C. and Lawrence, C. (1993) Anabolic steroid abuse and cardiac death. Medical Journal of Australia 158, 346-348.

Kochakian, C.D. (1950) Comparison of protein anabolic property of various androgens in the castrated rat. American Journal of Physiology 160, 53-61.

Koskinen, E. and Katila, T. (1997) Effect of 19-norandrostenololylaurate on serum testosterone concentration, libido, and closure of distal radial growth plate in colts. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 38, 59-67.

Kuipers, H., Wijnen, J.A., Hartgens, F. and Willems S.M. (1991) Influence of anabolic steroids on body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and liver function in amateur bodybuilders. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12, 413-418.

LaRoche, G.P. (1990) Steroid anabolic drugs and arterial complications in an athlete - a case history. Angiology 41, 964-969.

Lee, P., Zhu, C.C., Sadick, N.S., Diwan, A.H., Zhang, P.S., Liu, J.S. and Prieto, V.G. (2005) Expression of androgen receptor coactivator ARA70/ELE1 in androgenic alopecia. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 32, 567-571.

LeGros, T., McConnell, D., Murry, T., Edavettal, M., Racey-Burns, L.A., Shepherd, R.E. and Burns, A.H. (2000) The effects of 17 ?-methyltestosterone on myocardial function in vitro. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32, 897-903.

Luke, J.L., Farb, A., Virmani, R. and Barry Sample, R.H. (1990) Sudden cardiac death during exercise in a weight lifter using anabolic androgenic steroids: pathological and toxicological findings. Journal of Forensic Science 35, 1441-1447.

McCarthy, K., Tang, A.T., Dalrymple-Hay, M.J. and Haw, M.P. (2000) Ventricular thrombosis and systemic embolism in bodybuilders: etiology and management. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 70, 658-660.

McNutt, R.A., Ferenchick, G.S., Kirlin, P.C. and Hamlin, N.J. (1988) Acute myocardial infarction in a 22-year-old world class weight lifter using anabolic steroids. American Journal of Cardiology 62, 164.

Melchert, R.B. and Welder, A.A. (1995) Cardiovascular effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27, 1252-1262.

Michna H. (1986) Organisation of collagen fibrils in tendon: changes induced by an anabolic steroid. I. Functional and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Archive B (Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology) 52, 75-86.

Nahrendorf, M., Frantz, S., Hu, K., von zur Muhlen, C., Tomaszewski, M., Scheuermann, H, Kaiser, R., Jazbutyte, V., Beer, S., Bauer, W., Neubauer, S., Ertl, G., Allolio, B. and Callies, F. (2003) Effect of testosterone on post-myocardial infarction remodeling and function. Cardiovascular Research 57, 370-378.

Nakao, A., Sakagami, K., Nakata, Y., Komazawa, K., Amimoto, T., Nakashima, K., Isozaki, H., Takakura, N. and Tanaka, N. (2000) Multiple hepatic adenomas caused by long-term administration of androgenic steroids for aplastic anemia in association with familial adenomatous polyposis. Journal of Gastroenterology 335, 557-562.

National Institute on Drug Abuse. (1996) Anabolic steroids: A threat to mind and body. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH publication No. 96-3721.

O'Sullivan, A.J., Kennedy, M.C., Casey, J.H., Day, R.O., Corrigan, B. and Wodak, A.D. (2000) Anabolic-androgenic steroids: Medical assessment of present, past and potential users. Medical Journal of Australia 173, 323-327.

Palatini, P., Giada, F., Garavelli, G., Sinisi, F., Mario, L., Michielleto, M. and Baldo-Enzi, G. (1996) Cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids in weight-trained subjects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 36, 1132-1140.

Parssinen, M., Karila, T., Kovanen, V. and Seppala, T. (2000) The effect of supraphysiological doses of anabolic androgenic steroids on collagen metabolism. International Journal of Sports Medicine 21, 406-411.

Parssinen, M. and Seppala, T. (2002) Steroid use and long-term health risks in former athletes. Sports Medicine 32, 83-94.

Parssinen, M., Kujala, U., Vartiainen, E., Sarna, S. and Seppala, T. (2000) Increased premature mortality of competitive powerlifters suspected to have used anabolic agents. International Journal of Sports Medicine 21, 225-227.

Pavlatos, A.M., Fultz, O., Monberg, M.J. and Vootkur, A. (2001) Review of oxymtholone: A 17?-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Clinical Therapy 223, 789-801.

Perry, P.J., Lund, B.C., Deninger, M.J., Kutscher, E.C., and Schneider, J. (2005) Anabolic steroid use in weightlifters and bodybuilders. An internet survey of drug utilization. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 15, 326-330.

Pertusi, R., Dickerman, R.D. and McConathy, W.J. (2001) Evaluation of aminotransferases elevations in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids: hepatitis or rhabdomyolysis. Journal of American Osteopathic Association 101, 391-394.

Petersson, A., Garle, M., GranathF., and Thiblin, I. (2006) Morbidity and mortality in patients testing positively for the presence of anabolic androgenic steroids in connection with receiving medical care. A controlled retrospective cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 81, 215-220.

Pope, H.G. and Katz D.L. (1994) Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. A controlled study of 160 athletes. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 375-382.

Pope, H.G., Kouri, E.M. and Hudson, J.I. (2000) Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 133-140.

Pope, H.G., Kanayama, G., Ionescu-Pioggia, M. and Hudson, J.I. (2004) Anabolic steroid users' attitudes towards physicians. Addiction 99, 1189-1194.

Quinn, T.J. (2006) Year of the Juice. Steroid scandal top story of 2005. New York Daily News. January 3.

Redmond, G.P. (1995) Androgenic disorders of women: Diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. American Journal of Medicine 998(Suppl.), 120S-129S.

Sader, M.A., Griffiths, K.A., McCredie, R.J., Handelsman, D.J. and Celermajer D.S. (2001) Androgenic anabolic steroids and arterial structure and function in male bodybuilders. Journal of American College of Cardiology 37, 224-230.

Sahraian M.A., Mottamedi M., Azimi A.R., and Moghimi B. (2004) Androgen-induced cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a young body builder: case report. BMC Neurology 4, 22.

Schmidt, P.J., Berlin, K.L., Danacceau, M.A., Neeren, A., Haq, N.A., Roca, C.A. and Rubinow, D.R. (2004) The effects of pharmacologically induced hypogonadism on mood in healthy men. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 997-1004.

Schurmeyer, T., Knuth, U.A., Belkien, L. and Nieschlag, E. (1984) Reversible azoospermia induced by the anabolic steroid 10-nortestosterone. Lancet 225, 417-420.

Silvester, L.J. (1995) Self-perceptions of the acute and long-range effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 9, 95-98.

Socas, L., Zumbardo, M., Perez-Luzardo, O., Ramos, A., Perez, C., Hernandez, J.R. and Boada, L.D. (2005) Hepatocellular adenomas associated with anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in bodybuilders: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, e27.

Soe, K.L., Soe, M. and Gluud, C. (1992) Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver 12, 73-79.

Stannard, J.P. and Bucknell, A.L. (1993) Rupture of the triceps tendon associated with steroid injections. American Journal of Sports Medicine 21, 482-485.

Strawford, A., Barbieri, T, Van Loan, M., Parks, E., Catlin, D, Barton, N., Neese, R., Christiansen, M., King, J. and Hellerstein, M.K. (1999) Resistance exercise and supraphysiologic androgen therapy in eugonadal men with HIV-related weight loss. Journal of American Medical Association 2281, 1282-1290.

Street, C., Antonio, J. and Cudlipp, D. (1996) Androgen use by athletes: a re-evaluation of the health risks. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 21, 421-440.

Sturmi, J.E. and Diorio, D.J. (1998) Anabolic agents. Clinics in Sports Medicine 17, 261-282.

Sullivan, M.L., Martinez, C.M., Gennis, P., and Gallagher, E.J. (1998) The cardiac toxicity of anabolic steroids. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 41, 1-15.

Tagarakis, C.V.M., Bloch, W., Hartmann, G., Hollmann, W. and Addicks, K. (2000) Testosterone-propionate impairs the response of the cardiac capillary bed to exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32, 946-953.

Tanaka, K., Sakai, H., Hashizume, M. and Hirohata, T. (2000) Serum testosterone; estradiol ratio and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma among male cirrhotic patients. Cancer Research 60, 5106-5110.

Tikkanen, H.O., Hamalainen, E., Sarna, S., Adlercreutz, H. and Harkonen M. (1998) Associations between skeletal muscle properties, physical fitness, physical activity and coronary heart disease risk factors in men. Atherosclerosis 137, 377-389.

Tikkanen, H.O., Harkonen, M. and Naveri, H. (1991) Relationship of skeletal muscle fiber type to serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels. Atherosclerosis 90, 48-57.

Tomanek, R.J. (1986) Capillary and pre-capillary coronary vascular growth during left ventricular hypertrophy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2, 114-119.

Vanderschueren, D., Vandenput, L., Boonen, S., Lindberg, M.K., Bouillon, R. and Ohlsson, C. (2004) Androgens and bone. Endocrine Reviews. 25: 389-425.

Wagman, D.F., Curry, L.A. and Cook, D.L. (1995) An investigation into anabolic androgenic steroid use by elite U.S. powerlifters. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 9, 149-153.

Yates, W.R., Perry, P.J., MacIndoe, J., Holman, T. and Ellingrod, V. (1999) Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men. Biology Psychiatry 45, 254-260.

Yesalis, C.E. (1992) Epidemiology and patterns of anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Psychiatric Annals 22, 7-18.

Yesalis, C.E., Courson, S.P. and Wright, J. (2000) History of anabolic steroid use in sport and exercise. In: Anabolic steroids in sport and exercise. Ed: Yesalis, C.E. 2nd edition Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 51-71.