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SERUM MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION ARE ELEVATED
BY HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE BUT NOT BY EXERCISE-ASSOCIATED MENSTRUAL
DISORDERS IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE YOUNG WOMEN
|
Pamela
S. Hinton ,
R. Scott Rector, James E. Peppers, Rebecca. D. Imhoff and Laura. S.
Hillman |
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, USA
| Received |
|
30 December 2005 |
| Accepted |
|
06
April 2006 |
| Published |
|
01
June 2006 |
©
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 5, 235
- 242
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| ABSTRACT |
| The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of exercise-associated
menstrual disorders and hormonal contraceptives (HC) on systemic inflammatory
markers and endothelial function in female athletes. Thirty-nine active
women (>5 h of aerobic exercise per wk), aged 18-33 y, participated
in this cross-sectional study comparing women with menstrual disorders
(MD, n = 10; 0-9 cycles·y-1), eumenorrheic women
(E, n = 13; 10-13 cycles·y-1), and HC users (HC,
n = 16; 12 cycles·y-1). Fasting serum samples were
collected during the early follicular phase (d2-5) for the menstruating
women. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1),
total cholesterol (TC), high- and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
(HDL-C, LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), reproductive hormones, and cortisol
were measured in serum. Estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol were
not statistically different between MD and E groups; cortisol was
significantly greater in the HC versus E group (p = 0.002). TC (p
= 0.005), LDL-C (p = 0.03), and CRP (p = 0.05) were increased in the
HC versus MD and E groups. TNF-α was significantly higher in
the HC (p=0.001) compared with the E group. There were no significant
group differences in the concentrations of sVCAM-1 or IL-6. TNF-α
and cortisol were positively correlated (r=0.31, p = 0. 058), as were
sVCAM-1 and estradiol (r = 0.41, p = 0.010). In conclusion, HC use,
but not exercise- associated menstrual disorders, is associated with
increased TNFα and LDL-C.
KEY
WORDS: Cytokines, soluble vascular adhesion molecule, female
reproductive disorders.
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