Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Whitt, M.C., Irwin, M.L., Swartz, A.M., Strath, S.J., O'Brien, W.L., Bassett, D.R., Jr., Schmitz, K.H., Emplaincourt, P.O., Jacobs, D.R., Jr. and Leon, A.S. (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 332, 498-504.

Cary, N.S.I.I. (1999) Statistical analyses system. Version 8.2. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Cybulsky, M.I. and Gimbrone, M.A.Jr. (1991) Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 2251, 788-791.

Dreon, D.M., Slavin, J.L. Phinney, S.D. (2003) Oral contraceptive use and increased plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Life Science 773, 1245-1252.

Dubey, R.K., Imthurn, B., Zacharia, L.C. Jackson, E.K. (2004) Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: what went wrong and where do we go from here? Hypertension 444, 789-795.

Friday, K.E., Drinkwater, B.L., Bruemmer, B., Chesnut, C. 3rd. and Chait, A. (1993) Elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in amenorrheic athletes: effects of endogenous hormone status and nutrient intake. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 777, 1605-1609.

Friedwald, W.T., Levy, R.I. and Fredrickson, D.S. (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clinical Chemistry 18, 499-502.

Fruhbeck, G., Gomez-Ambrosi, J., Muruzabal, F.J. and Burrell, M. A. (2001) The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism 2280, E827-847.

Gianni, W., Ricci, A., Gazzaniga, P., Brama, M., Pietropaolo, M., Votano, S., Patane, F., Agliano, A.M., Spera, G., Marigliano, V., Ammendola, S., Agnusdei, D., Migliaccio, S. and Scandurra, R. (2004) Raloxifene modulates interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis in vivo: results from a pilot clinical study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 889, 6097-6099.

Guazzelli, C.A., Lindsey, P.C., de Araujo, F.F., Barbieri, M., Petta, C.A. and Aldrighi, J.M. (2005) Evaluation of lipid profile in adolescents during long-term use of combined oral hormonal contraceptives. Contraception 771, 118-121.

Kahl, K.G., Kruse, N., Rieckmann, P. and Schmidt, M.H. (2004) Cytokine mRNA expression patterns in the disease course of female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Psychoneuroendocrinology 229, 13-20.

Kublickiene, K., Svedas, E., Landgren, B.M., Crisby, M., Nahar, N., Nisell, H. and Poston, L. (2005) Small artery endothelial dysfunction in post-menopausal women: in vitro function, morphology and modification by estrogen and SERMs. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, 6113-6122.

Mukherjee, T.K., Nathan, L., Dinh, H., Reddy, S.T. and Chaudhuri, G. (2003) 17-epiestriol, an estrogen metabolite, is more potent than estradiol in inhibiting vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) mRNA expression. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2278, 11746-11752.

Nathan, L., Pervin, S., Singh, R., Rosenfeld, M. and Chaudhuri, G. (1999) Estradiol inhibits leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration in rabbits in vivo: possible mechanisms for gender differences in atherosclerosis. Circulation Research 885, 377-385.

O'Donnell, E. and De Souza, M.J. (2004) The cardiovascular effects of chronic hypoestrogenism in amenorrhoeic athletes: a critical review. Sports Medicine 334, 601-627.

Pigott, R., Dillon, L.P., Hemingway, I.H. and Gearing, A.J. (1992) Soluble forms of E-selectin, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are present in the supernatants of cytokine activated cultured endothelial cells. Biochemistry Biophysiology Researcg Communication 1187, 584-589.

Rickenlund, A., Eriksson, M.J., Schenck-Gustafsson, K. and Hirschberg, A.L. (2005a) Amenorrhea in female athletes is associated with endothelial dysfunction and unfavorable lipid profile. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 990, 1354-1359.

Rickenlund, A., Eriksson, M.J., Schenck-Gustafsson, K. and Hirschberg, A.L. (2005b) Oral contraceptives improve endothelial function in amenorrheic athletes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 990, 3162-3167.

Salem, M.L. (2004) Estrogen, a double-edged sword: modulation of TH1- and TH2-mediated inflammations by differential regulation of TH1/TH2 cytokine production. Current Drug Targets of Inflammation and Allergy 33, 97-104.

Silvestri, A., Gebara, O., Vitale, C., Wajngarten, M., Leonardo, F., Ramires, J.A., Fini, M., Mercuro, G. ad Rosano, G.M. (2003) Increased levels of C-reactive protein after oral hormone replacement therapy may not be related to an increased inflammatory response. Circulation 1107, 3165-3169.

Siri, W.E. (1961) Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. In: Techniques for measuring body composition. Eds: Brozek, J. and Henschel, A. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. 223-224.

Souter, I., Janzen, C., Martinez-Maza, O., Breen, E.C., Stanczyk, F., Chaudhuri, G. and Nathan, L. (2005) Serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are decreased in women receiving oral contraceptives compared with normally menstruating women: implications in atherosclerosis. Fertility and Sterility 883, 1480-1488.

Taddei, S., Virdis, A., Ghiadoni, L., Mattei, P., Sudano, I., Bernini, G., Pinto, S. and Salvetti, A. (1996) Menopause is associated with endothelial dysfunction in women. Hypertension 228, 576-582.

Zeni Hoch, A., Dempsey, R.L., Carrera, G.F., Wilson, C.R., Chen, E.H., Barnabei, V.M., Sandford, P.R., Ryan, T.A. and Gutterman, D.D. (2003) Is there an association between athletic amenorrhea and endothelial cell dysfunction? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 335, 377-383.