Table 2. TOPS subscales as a function of skill level. Data are means (±SD).
 

Elite
(n = 65)

Nonelite
(n = 50)

df

F

p

η2

TOPS

            

Activation

13.97 (1.94)

13.34 (2.32)

1, 107

.83

.32

.12

Relaxation

13.23 (2.48)

15.10 (3.16)

1, 107

18

.001

.18

Imagery

15.29 (3.19)

13.10 (2.99)

1, 107

27.20

.001

.20

Goal setting

14.58 (2.94)

12.66 (2.24)

1, 107

2.15

.09

.08
           

Self-talk

16.32 (2.47)

14.71 (2.52)

1, 107

14.83

.001

.17

Automaticity

15.00 (3.50)

13.91 (6.63)

1, 107

1.40

.29

.05

Emotional control

14.74 (2.66)

13.71 (2.69)

1, 107

.41

.59

.08

Negative attitude

8.31 (2.56)

7.57 (2.33)

1, 107

.93

.33

.09