|
|
Subject characteristics
|
Kick
|
Approach
(steps – angle)
|
Ball speed
(m×s-1)
|
|
N
|
Age (Years)
|
Training status
|
| Asami and Nolte
(1983) |
4
|
N/A
|
Professional
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
29.9 (2.9)
|
| Narici et al. (1988) |
11
|
25.1 (5.0)
|
Amateurs
|
Powerful
|
N/A
|
20.0 (3.6)
|
| Opavsky (1988) |
6
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Instep
|
6-8 steps
|
23.48 – 30.78
|
| Luhtanen (1988) |
29
|
10.3-17.1
|
Trained
|
Instep
|
2 step
|
14.9 – 22.2
|
| Kermond & Konz
(1978) |
1
|
22
|
Trained
|
Punt
|
2 step
|
25.8 (2.2)
|
| Isokawa and Lees
(1988) |
6
|
20 – 26
|
Trained
|
Instep
|
1 step, 0°
1 step, 45°
1 step, 90°
|
18.73 (.95)
20.14 (1.58)
19.13 (1.64)
|
| Poulmedis et al.
(1988) |
11
|
25.5 (3.0)
|
Trained
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
27.08 (1.32)
|
| Rodano and Tavana
(1993) |
10
|
17.6 (.5)
|
Professional
|
Instep
|
2 step
|
22.3 – 30.0
|
| Dorge et al. (2002) |
7
|
26.4
|
Skilled
|
Instep
|
3 m, 0°
|
24.7 (2.5)
|
| Ekblom (1994) |
N/A
|
N/A
|
Professional
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
32-35
|
| Levanon & Dapena
(1998) |
6
|
Inter-collegiate
|
Experienced
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
28.6 (2.2)
|
| Barfield et al.
(2002) |
2 M
6 F
|
19-22
|
Elite players
|
Instep
|
2 step, 45-60°
|
25.3 (1.51)(M)
21.5 (2.44) (F)
|
| Barfield (1995) |
18
|
20.7 (1.7)
|
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
2 step, 45-60°
|
26.4 (2.09)
|
| Nunome et al. (2002) |
5
|
High – school
|
Experienced
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
28.0 (2.1)
|
| Nunome et al. (2006a) |
5
|
16.8
(.4)
|
Skilled
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
32.1 (1.7)
|
| Nunome et al. (2006b) |
9
|
27.6 (5.6)
|
Experienced
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
26.3 (3.4)
|
| Apriantono et al.
(2006) |
7
|
20.0 (2.1)
|
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
28.4 (1.6)
|
| Tol et al. (2002) |
15
|
27.4
|
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
18.9 – 29.8
|
| Roberts et al.
(1974) |
1
|
25
|
Experienced
|
Toe
|
2 step
|
24.09
|
| Tsaousidis & Zatsiorsky
(1996) |
2
|
College
|
Amateurs
|
Toe
|
N/A
|
24.9 (1.1)
|
| Taina et al.
(1993) |
15
|
18.1 (.3)
|
4th Division
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
96.02 (9.06 )Km/h
|
| Trolle et al. (1993) |
24
|
N/A
|
Elite players
|
Instep
|
N/A
|
99.3-103.6 Km/h
|
| Cometti et al.
(1988) |
95
|
25.0 (4.6)
|
Professional
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
Free run
|
106.37(12.89)Km/h
106.94(7.52)Km/h
|
| Asai et al. (2002) |
6
|
N/A
|
Univ. Players
|
Curve
|
N/A
|
25.44 (.76)
|
| Manolopoulos et al.
(2006) |
10
|
19.9 (.4)
|
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
2 step
|
27.9 (1.8)
|
| Kellis et al. (2004) |
10
|
21.3 (1.4)
|
Trained
|
Instep
|
1 step, 0°
1 step, 45°
1 step, 90°
|
19.79 (1.49)
20.41 (2.44)
18.51 (3.09)
|
| Kellis et al.
(2006) |
10
|
22.6 (2.0)
|
Amateurs
|
Instep
|
2step, pre-fatigue
2step, post fatigue
|
24.69 (1.8)
21.78 (2.2)
|
|