REFERENCES

Bailey, D.A., Faulkner, R.A. and McKay, H.A. (1996) Growth, physical activity and bone mineral acquisition. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 24, 233-266.

Bailey, D.A., McKay, H.A., Mirwald, R.L., Crocker, P.R.E. and Faulkner, R.A. (1999) A six year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: the University of Saskatchewan bone mineral accrual study. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 14, 1672-1679.

Bass, S., Pearce, G, Bradney M et al., Hendrich, E., Delmas, P.D., Harding, A. and Seeman E. (1998) Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood: studies in active prepubertal and retired gymnasts. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 13, 500-507.

Bass, S., Bradney, M., Pearce, G., Hendrich, E., Inge, K., Stuckey, S., Lo, S.K. and Seeman, E. (2000) Short stature and delayed puberty in gymnasts: influence of selection bias on leg length and the duration of training on trunk length. Journal of Pediatrics 136, 149-155.

Blimkie, C.J., Rice, S., Webber, C.E., Martin, J., Levy, D. and Gordon, C.L. (1996). Effects of resistance training on bone mineral content and density in adolescent females. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 774, 1025-1033.

Bradney, M., Pearce, G., Naughton, G., Sullivan, C., Bass, S., Beck, T., Carlson, J. and Seeman, E. (1998). Moderate exercise during growth in prepubertal boys: changes in bone mass, volumetric density and bone strength: a controlled prospective study. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 113, 1814-1821.

Calbet, J.A., Moysi, J.S., Dorado, C., and Rodriquez, L.P. (2001). Bone mineral content and density in professional tennis players. Calcified Tissue International 62, 491-496.

Cooper, C. (2003) Epidemiology of osteoporosis. In: Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. Ed: Favuus, M.J. 5 th edition. American Society of Bone and Mineral Research, 307-313.

Cooper, C., Westlake, S., Harvey, N., Javaid, K., Dennison, E. and Hanson, M. (2006) Review: developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporosis International 17, 337-347.

Currey, J.D. (2002) Bones: Structure and mechanics. Princeton University Press, Oxford.

Dalsky, G.P., Stocke, K.S., Ehsani A.A., Slatopolsky, E., Lee, W.C. and Birge, S.J., Jr. (1988) Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Annals of Internal Medicine 108, 824-828.

Forwood, M.R. and Burr, D.B. (1993). Physical activity and bone mass: exercise in futility? Bone Mineral 21, 89-112.

Frost, H.M. (1990) Structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU): 1. Redefining Wolff's law: the bone remodelling problem. Anatomy Records 226, 403-413.

Fuchs, R.K., Bauer, J.J. and Snow, C. (2001) Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 16, 148-156.

Haapasalo, H., Kannus, P., Sievanen, H., Pasanen, M., Uusi-Rasi, K., Heinonen, A., Oja, P. and Vuori, I. (1998) Effect of long-term unilateral activity on bone mineral density of female junior tennis players. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 113, 310-319.

Heinonen, A., Sievanen, H., Kannus, P., Oja, P., Pasanen, M. and Vuori, I. (2000) High impact exercise and bones of growing girls: a 9-month controlled trial. Osteoporosis International 11, 1010-1017.

Hock, J.M., Centrella, M. and Canalis, E. (1988) Insulin-like growth factor I has independent effects on bone matrix formation and cell replication. Endocrinology 122, 254-260.

Iuliano-Burns, S., Saxon, L., Naughton, G., Gibbons, K. and Bass, S.L. (2003) Regional specificity of exercise and calcium during skeletal growth in girls: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 18, 156-162.

Jarvinen, T.L., Kannus, P., Pajamaki, I., Vuohelainen, T., Tuukkanen, J., Jarvinen, M. and Sievanen, H. (2003) Estrogen deposits extra mineral into bones of female rats in puberty, but simultaneously seems to suppress the responsiveness of female skeleton to mechanical loading. Bone 32, 642-651.

Kanis, J., Melton, L.J., Christiansen, C., Johnston, C.C. and Khaltaev, N. (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 9, 1137-1141.

Kanis, J.A., Johnell, O. (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporosis International 16, 229.

Kannus, P., Niemi, S., Parkkari, J., Palvanen, M., Vuori, I. and Jarvinen, M. (1999) Hip fractures in Finland between 1970 and 1997 and predictions for the future. Lancet 353 (9155), 8002-8055.

Khan, K.M., Bennell, K.L., Hopper, J.L., Flicker, L., Nowson, C.A., Sherwin, A.J., Crichton, K.J., Harcourt, P.R. and Wark, J.D. (1998) Self-reported ballet classes undertaken at age 10-12 years and hip bone mineral density in later life. Osteoporosis International 8, 165-173.

Khan, K., McKay, H.A., Haapasalo, H., Bennell, K.L., Forwood, M.R., Kannus, P. and Wark, J.D. (2000) Does childhood and adolescence provide a unique opportunity for exercise to strengthen the skeleton? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sports 3, 150-64.

Kirchner, E., Lewis, R. and O'Connor, P. (1996) Effects of past gymnastics participation on adult bone mass. Journal of Applied Physiology 80, 226-232.

Kontulainen, S., Kannus, P., Pasanen, M., Sievanen, H.T., Heinonen, A.O., Oja, P. and Vuori, I. (2002). Does previous participation in high impact training result in residual bone gain in growing girls? One year follow up of a 9 month jumping intervention. International Journal of Sports Medicine 23, 575-581.

Laing, E.M., Wilson, A.R., Modlesky, C.M., O'Connor, P.J., Hall, D.B. and Lewis, R.D. (2005). Initial years of recreational artistic gymnastics training improves lumbar spine bone mineral accrual in 4-to 8-year-old females. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 20, 509-519.

Linden, C., Ahlborg, H.G., Besjakov, J., Gardsell, P. and Larlsson, M.K. (2006) A school curriculum based exercise program, increases bone mineral accrual and bone size in prepubertal girls: two year data from the Pediatric Osteoporosis Prevention (POP) study. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 21, 829-835.

Mackelvie, K.J., McKay, H.A., Khan, K.M. and Crocker, P.R.E. (2001) A school-based exercise intervention augments bone mineral accrual in early pubertal girls. Journal of Pediatrics 1139, 501-508.

Mackelvie, K.J., Khan, K.M. and McKay, H.A. (2002). Is there a critical period for bone response to weight-bearing exercise in children and adolescents? A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine 36, 250-257.

Mackelvie, K.J., Khan, K.M., Petit, M.A., Janssen, P.A. and McKay, H.A. (2003) A school based exercise intervention elicits substantial bone health benefits: a 2-year randomised controlled trial in girls. Pediatrics 112, e447-452.

Mackelvie, K.J., Petit, M.A., Khan, K.M., Beck, T.J. and McKay, H.A. (2004) Bone mass and structure are enhanced following a 2-year randomised controlled trial of exercise in prepubertal boys. Bone 34, 755-764.

Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C. and Barr-Or, O. (2004) Growth, maturation and physical activity. Human Kinetics, Illinois.

Matthews, B.L., Bennell, K.L., McKay, H.A., Khan, K.M., Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Mirwald, R.L. and Wark, J.D. (2006) Dancing for bone health: a 3-year longitudinal study of bone mineral accrual across puberty in female non-elite dancers and controls. Osteoporosis International 17, 1043-1054.

Mauras, N., Rogel, A.D., Haymond, M.W. and Veldhuis, J.D. (1996) Sex steroids, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1: neuroendocrine and metabolic regulation in puberty. Hormonal Research 45, 74-80.

McKay, H.A., Petit, M.A., Schutz, R.W., Prior, J.C., Barr, S.I. and Khan, K.M. (2000) Augmented trochanteric bone mineral density after modified physical education classes: a randomised school-based exercise intervention study in prepubescent and early pubescent children. Journal of Pediatrics 136, 156-162.

McKay, H.A., MacLean, L., Petit, M., Mackelvie, K., O'Brien, K., Janssen, P., Beck, T. and Khan, K.M. (2005) 'Bounce at the bell': a novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children. British Journal of Sports Medicine 39, 521-526.

Morris, F.L., Naughton, G., Gibbs, J.L., Carlson, J.S. and Wark, J.D. (1997). Prospective ten month exercise intervention in premenarchal girls: positive effects on bone and lean mass. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 12, 1453-1462.

Nichols, D.L., Sanborn, C.F. and Love, A.M. (2001) Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females. Journal of Pediatrics 139, 494-500.

Pajamaki, I., Kannus, P, Vuohelainen, T., Sievanen H., Tuukkanen, J., Jarvinen, M. And Jarvinen, T.L. (2003) The gain induced by exercise in puberty is not preserved through a virtually life-long deconditioning: a randomized controlled experimental study in male rats. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 18, 544-558.

Petit, M.A., McKay, H.A., Mackelvie, K.J., Heinonen, A., Khan, K.M. and Beck, T.J. (2002) A randomized school-based jumping intervention confers site and maturity specific benefits on one structural property in girls: a hip structural analysis study. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 17, 363-372.

Seeman, E. (2001) Clinical review 137: Sexual dimorphism in skeletal size, density and strength. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and metabolism 886, 4576-4584.

Stear, S.J., Prentice, A., Jones, S.C. and Cole, T.J. (2003) Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18 year old adolescent girls. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77, 985-992.

Sundberg, M., Gardsell, P., Johnell, O., Karlsson, M.K., Ornstein, E., Sandstedt, B., Sandstedt, B. and Sernbo, I. (2001) Peripubertal moderate exercise increases bone mass in boys but not in girls: a population-based intervention study. Osteoporosis International 12, 230-238.

Valdimarsson, O., Linden, C., Johnell, O., Gardsell, P. And Karlsson, M.K. (2006) Daily physical education un the school curriculum in prepubertal girls during 1 year is followed by an increase in bone mineral accrual and bone width: data form the prospective controlled Malmo Pediatric Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Calcified Tissue International 778, 65-71.

Van Langendonck, L., Claessens, A.L., Vlietinck, R., Derom, C. and Beunen, G. (2003). Influence of weight-bearing exercises on bone acquisition in prepubertal monozygotic female twins: a randomised controlled prospective study. Calcified Tissue International 72, 666-674.

Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Jimennez-Ramirez, J., Ara I.,Serrano-Sanchez, A., Dorado, C. And Calbert, A. (2003). Enhanced bone mass and physical fitness in prepubescent footballers. Bone 33, 853-859.

Witzke, K.A. and Snow, C.M. (2000) Effects of plyometric jump training on bone mass in adolescent girls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32, 1051-1057.

Wren, T.A. and Gilsanz, V. (2006) Assessing bone mass in children and adolescents. Current Osteoporosis Reports 4 (4), 153-158.

Zhang, X.X., Kalu, D., Erbas, B. Hopper, L.. and Seeman, E. (1999) The effects of gonadectomy on bone size, mass and volumetric density in growing rats are gender, site and growth hormone specific. Journal of Bone Mineral Research 14 (5), 802-809.