Abdel-Aziz, Y. and Karara, H. (1971) Direct linear transformation: from comparator coordinates into object coordinates in close range photogrammetry. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on close-range photogrammetry. Church Falls. 1-18.

Alves, F., Gomes-Pereira, J. and Pereira, F. (1996) Determinants of energy cost of front crawl and backstroke swimming and competitive performance. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII. Eds: Troup, J.P., Hollander, A.P., Strasse, D., Trappe, S.W., Cappaert, J.M. and Trappe, A. London: E & FN Spon. 185-192.

Alves, F., Cunha, P. and Gomes-Pereira, J. (1999) Kinematic changes with inspiratory actions in butterfly swimming. In: Biomechanics and medicine in swimming VIII. Eds: Keskinen, K.L., Komi, P.V. and Hollander, A.P. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Printing. 9-14.

Arellano, R., Pardillo, S. and Gavilan, A. (2003) Usefulness of the Strouhal number in evaluating human under-water undulatory swimming. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX. Ed: Chatard, J.C. Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne. 33-38.

Bachman, J. (1983) Three butterfly pulls. Swimming Technique 29, 23-25.

Barbosa, T.M., Santos Silva, J.V., Sousa, F. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2002) Measurement of butterfly average resultant impulse per phase. In: Proceeding of the XXth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports. Ed: Gianikellis, K. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura. 35-38.

Barbosa, T.M., Santos Silva, J.V., Sousa, F. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2003) Comparative study of the response of kinematical variables from the hip and the centre of mass in butterfliers. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX. Ed: Chatard, J.C. Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne. 93-98.

Barbosa, T.M., Keskinen, K.L., Fernandes, R.J., Colaço, P., Lima, A. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2005a) Energy cost and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass in butterfly stroke. European Journal of Applied Physiology 93, 519-523.

Barbosa, T., Keskinen, K.L., Fernandes, R.J., Colaço, C., Carmo, C. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2005b) Relationship between energetic, stroke determinants and velocity in butterfly. International Journal of Sports Medicine 226, 841-846.

Barbosa, T.M., Lima, F., Portela, A., Novais, D., Machado, L., Colaço, P., Gonçalves, P., Fernandes, R.J., Keskinen, K.L.,and Vilas-Boas. J.P. (2006a) Relationships between energy cost, swimming velocity and speed fluctuation in competitive swimming strokes. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Eds: Vilas-Boas, J.P., Alves, F. and Marques, A. Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences 6(Supl 2), 192-194.

Barbosa, T.M., Fernandes, R., Keskinen, K., Colaço, P., Carcoso, C., Silva, J. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2006b) Evaluation of the energy expenditure in competitive swimming strokes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, 894-899.

Barthels, K.M. and Adrian, M.J. (1971) Variability in the dolphin kick under four conditions. In: First International Symposium on “Biomechanics in Swimming, Waterpolo and Diving”. Eds: Lewillie, L. and Clarys, J.P. Bruxelles: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratoire de L'effort. 105-118.

Boulesteix, L., Seifert, L. and Chollet, D. (2003) The ratio between coordination and butterfly propulsion index for expert swimmers. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX. Ed: Chatard, J.C. Saint-Étienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne. 99-104.

Bucher, W. (1975) The influence of the leg kick and the arm stroke on the total speed during the crawl stroke. In: Swimming II. Eds: Lewille, L.,and Clarys, J.P. Baltimore: University Park Press. 180-187.

Chengalur, S. and Brown P (1992) An analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 200 meters events. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences 17, 104-109.

Chollet, D., Pelayo, P., Tourny, C. and Sidney, M. (1996) Comparative analysis of 100m and 200m events in the four strokes in top level swimmers. Journal of Human Movement Studies 31, 25-37.

Chollet, D., Seifert, L., Boulesteix, L. and Carter, M. (2006) Arm to leg coordination in elite butterfly swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, 322-329.

Colman, V., and Persyn, U. (1993) Trunk rotation, body waving and propulsion in breaststroke. Journal of Human Movement Studies 24, 169-189.

Colman, V., Persyn, U. and Ungerechts, B. (1999) A mass of water added to the swimmer's mass to estimate the velocity in dolphin-like swimming below the water surface. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII. Eds: Keskinen, K.L., Komi, P.V., and Hollander, A.P. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Printing. 89-94.

Crist, J. (1979) An analytical comparison between two types of Butterfly pull patterns - the crossover and the keyhole. Swimming Technique 15, 110-117.

D'Acquisto, L., Ed, D. and Costill, D. (1998) Relationship between intracyclic linear body velocity fluctuations, power and sprint breaststroke performance. Journal of Swimming Research 113, 8-14.

de Groot, G., and van Ingen Schenau, G. (1988) Fundamental mechanics applied to swimming: technique and propelling efficiency. In: Swimming Science V. Eds: Ungerechts, B., Wilke, K. and Reischle K. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books. 17-29.

de Leva, P. (1996) Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's segment inertia parameters. Journal of Biomechanics 29, 1223-1230.

Deschodt, V. (1999) Relative contribution of arms and legs in human to propulsion in 25 m sprint front crawl swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology 80, 192-199.

Fernandes, R.J., Cardoso, C.S., Soares, S.M., Ascensão, A., Colaço, P.J. and Vilas-Boas, J.P. (2003) Time limit and VO2 slow component at intensities corresponding to VO2max in swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 24, 576-581.

Hollander, A.P., de Groot, G., van Ingen Schenau, G., Kahman, R. and Toussaint, H. (1988) Contribution of thr legs to propulsion in Front Crawl swimming. In: Swimming Science V. Eds: Ungerechts, B., Wilke, K. and Reischle, K. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books. 39-43.

Jensen, R. and McIlwain, J. (1979) Modelling of lower extremity forces in the dolphin kick. In: Swimming III. Eds: Terauds, J. and Bedingfield, E. Baltimore: University Park Press. 137-147.

Kennedy, P., Brown, P., Chengalur, S. and Nelson, R. (1990) Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100 m events. International Journal of Sports Biomechanics 6, 187-197.

Keskinen, K.L. and Keskinen O. (1999) Performance test for swimmers - a new approach utilizing pace-maker lights - a pilot study. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII. Eds: Keskinen, K.L., Komi, P.V, and Hollander, A.P. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Printing. 245-248.

Kornecki, S. and Bober, T. (1978) Extreme velocities of a swimming cycle as a technique criterion. In: Swimming Medicine IV. Eds: Eriksson, B., and Furberg B. Baltimore: University Park Press. 402-407.

Leblanc, H ., Seifert, L ., Tourny-Chollet, C . and Chollet, D . (2007) Intra-cyclic distance per stroke phase, velocity fluctuations and acceleration time ratio of a breaststroker's hip: a comparison between elite and nonelite swimmers at different race paces. International Journal of Sports Medicine 28,140-147.

Maglischo, E. (2003) Swimming fastest. Human Kinetics, Champaign.

Martins-Silva, A. and Alves, F. (2000) Determinant factors to variation in Butterfly velocity. In: Applied Proceedings of the XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports - Swimming. Eds: Sanders, R., and Hong Y. Edinburgh: Faculty of Education of the University of Edinburgh. 73-74.

Mason, B., Tong, Z. and Richards, R. (1992) Propulsion in the Butterfly stroke. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VI. Eds: MacLaren, D., Reilly, T., and Lees, A. London: E & FN Spon. 81-86.

Nigg, B. (1983) Selected methodology in biomechanics with respect to swimming. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. Eds: Hollander, A.P., Huijing, P.A., and de Groot, G. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers. 72-80.

Persyn, U., Vervaecke, H. and Verhetsel, D. (1983) Factors influencing stroke mechanics and speed in swimming the butterfly. In: Biomechanics VIII-A & B. Ed: Matsui, H., and Kobayashi, K. Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers. 833-841.

Rouboa, A ., Silva, A ., Leal, L ., Rocha, J . and Alves, F (2006) The effect of swimmer's hand/forearm acceleration on propulsive forces generation using computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Biomechanics 339, 1239-1248.

Sanders, R., Cappaert, J. and Devlin, R. (1995) Wave characteristics of Butterfly Swimming. Journal of Biomechanics 28, 9-16.

Schleihauf, R. (1979) A hydrodynamic analysis of Swimming propulsion. In: Swimming III. Eds: Terauds, J. and Bendingfied, W. Baltimore: University Park Press. 70-117.

Schleihauf, R., Higgins, J., Hinrichs, R., Luedtke, D., Maglischo, C., Maglischo, E. and Thayer, A. (1988) Propulsive techniques: Front Crawl Stroke, Butterfly, Backstroke and Breaststroke. In: Swimming Science V. Eds: Ungerechts, B., Wilke, K. and Reischle, K. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books. 53-59.

Seifert, L ., Boulesteix, L ., Chollet, D . and Vilas-Boas, J.P . (2008) Differences in spatial-temporal parameters and arm-leg coordination in butterfly stroke as a function of race pace, skill and gender. Human Movement Science 27, 96-111.

Takagi, H., Sugimoto, S., Nishijima, N. and Wilson, B. (2004) Differences in stroke phases, arm-leg coordination and velocity fluctuation due to event, gender and performance level in breaststroke. Sports Biomechanics 3, 15-27.

Togashi, T. and Nomura, T. (1992) A biomechanical analysis of the swimmer using the butterfly stroke. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VI. Eds: MacLaren, D., Reilly, T., and Lees. A. London: E & FN Spon. 87-91.

Ungerechts, B. (1985) Considerations of the butterfly kick based on hydrodynamical experiments. In: Biomechanics: Current interdisciplinary research. Eds: Perren, S. and Snneider, E. Dondrecht: Nijhoff Publishers. 705-710.

Ungerechts, B., Persyn, U. and Colman, V. (1999) Application of vortex flow formation to self-propulsion in water. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VIII. Eds: Keskinen, K.L., Komi, P.V. and Hollander, A.P. Jyväskylä: Gummerus Printing. 95-100.

Ungerechts, B., Persyn, U. and Colman, V. (2000) Analysis of swimming techniques using vortex traces. In: Applied Proceedings of the XVIII International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports - Swimming. Eds: Sanders, R. and Hong Y. Edinburgh: Faculty of Education of the University of Edinburgh. 104-112.

Vilas-Boas, J.P. (1996) Speed fluctuations and energy cost of different breaststroke techniques. In: Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming VII. Eds: Troup, J.P., Hollander, A.P., Strasse, D., Trappe, S.W., Cappaert, J.M. and Trappe, A. London: E & FN Spon. 167-171.

Vilas-Boas, J.P., Cunha, P., Figueiras, T., Ferreira, M. and Duarte, J. (1997) Movement analysis in simultaneous swimming techniques. In: Cologne Swimming Symposium. Eds: Daniel, K., Huffmann, U. and Klauck, J. Verlag: Sport Fahnemann. 95-103.

Winter, D. (1990) Biomechanic and motor control of human movement. John Wiley and sons, Chichester.