Table 1.  Mean (±SD) torque (Nm) generated at the back and the front foot and variation with handicap, club and shoe type.
     

Golfers' handicap

   

Shoe

Low (1)

Medium (2)

High (3)

Driver

Back foot

Metal spike

18.2 (3.1) 2,3

15.5 (4.7) 1

14.2 (7.4) 1

   

Alternative

15.8 (3.7) 2,3

13.2 (3.1) 1

11.0 (4.4) 1

   

Flat sole

14.4 (2.4) 2,3

11.6 (4.0) 1

11.9 (5.6)1

 

Front foot

Metal spike

42.1 (11.0)

40.0 (8.4)

40.4 (9.1)

   

Alternative

42.4 (8.3)

42.0 (6.9)

43.5 (5.9)

   

Flat sole

38.9 (8.5)

40.0 (6.9)

40.9 (7.1)

3-iron

Back foot

Metal spike

12.6 (4.4)

10.9 (2.8)

12.7 (7.8)

   

Alternative

11.4 (3.5)

13.6 (6.0)

11.6 (4.6)

   

Flat sole

12.4 (4.8)

12.1 (3.0)

10.4 (2.2)

 

Front foot

Metal spike

43.4 (8.9)

38.9 (5.3)

40.8 (9.1)

   

Alternative

36.3 (4.5)

37.8 (2.7)

38.7 (8.2)

   

Flat sole

40.3 (2.9)

37.8 (6.3)

37.3 (7.6)

7-iron

Back foot

Metal spike

12.6 (2.9)

9.8 (3.4)

9.5 (4.1)

   

Alternative

13.1 (4.1)

10.7 (3.7)

12.7 (4.2)

   

Flat sole

12.4 (2.3)

9.9 (2.6)

10.3 (3.9)

 

Front foot

Metal spike

41.8 (9.3)

40.0 (6.5)

44.8 (10.0)

   

Alternative

40.0 (9.3)

37.1 (6.0)

41.1 (10.7)

   

Flat sole

39.1 (8.2)

36.3 (4.4)

42.7 (10.0)

Superscripts indicate significant difference between handicaps for variable (p < 0.05).