Table 2.  Comparisons of all outcome group means and skills for three measurement periods.

Group & Difficulty

Group*

Mdiff

p†

Pretest

        

Forehand Clear

1

2

-.82

.68
 

1

3

1.43

.31
 

1

4

-.17

.54
 

2

3

2.25

.25
 

2

4

.65

.62
 

3

4

-1.60

.30

Backhand Clear

1

2

.85

.61
 

1

3

.75

.70
 

1

4

.20

.79
 

2

3

-.10

.83
 

2

4

-.65

.64
 

3

4

-.55

.66

Posttest

       

Forehand Clear

1

2

-.37

.77
 

1

3

3.44*

.012
 

1

4

5.31*

.000
 

2

3

3.81*

.010
 

2

4

5.68*

.000
 

3

4

1.87

.13

Backhand Clear

1

2

1.21

.43
 

1

3

-4.44*

.006
 

1

4

6.26*

.000
 

2

3

-5.65*

.001
 

2

4

5.05*

.001
 

3

4

10.7*

.000

Retention

        

Forehand Clear

1

2

-0.06

.82
 

1

3

3.50*

.014
 

1

4

5.07*

.001
 

2

3

3.56*

.011
 

2

4

5.13*

.001
 

3

4

1.57

.46

Backhand Clear

1

2

1.19

.57
 

1

3

-4.25*

.008
 

1

4

5.81*

.006
 

2

3

-5.44*

.004
 

2

4

4.62*

.007
 

3

4

10.06*

.000
Abbreviations: Group 1 = positive feedback and correct cues; Group 2 = error cues; Group 3 = positive feedback, correct and error cues; Group 4 = control group. * = significant mean difference, p<.05. † = bonferroni correction.