Table 3.  Comparisons of all self confidence group means and skills for three measurement times.

Group & Difficulty

Group*

Mdiff

p†

Pretest

        

Forehand Clear

1

2

-.12

.68
 

1

3

.55

.34
 

1

4

.16

.68
 

2

3

.67

.29
 

2

4

.28

.62
 

3

4

-.39

.51

Backhand Clear

1

2

.28

.42
 

1

3

.21

.46
 

1

4

.16

.83
 

2

3

-.07

.72
 

2

4

-.12

.86
 

3

4

-.05

.91

Posttest

       

Forehand Clear

1

2

2.44*

.014
 

1

3

-.01

.89
 

1

4

.21

.81
 

2

3

-2.45*

.014
 

2

4

.76

.80
 

3

4

    

Backhand Clear

1

2

.51

.26
 

1

3

-1.94*

.022
 

1

4

.59

.25
 

2

3

-2.45*

.018
 

2

4

-.33

.31
 

3

4

2.53*

.018

Retention

        

Forehand Clear

1

2

2.18*

.016
 

1

3

-.16

.78
 

1

4

2.95*

.008
 

2

3

-2.34*

.014
 

2

4

.77

.21
 

3

4

3.11*

.001

Backhand Clear

1

2

.58

.24
 

1

3

-1.87*

.026
 

1

4

.65

.22
 

2

3

-2.45*

.028
 

2

4

.07

.63
 

3

4

2.52*

.27
Abbreviations: Group 1 = positive feedback and correct cues; Group 2 = error cues; Group 3 = positive feedback, correct and error cues; Group 4 = control group. * = significant mean difference, p<.05. † = bonferroni correction.