Achten, J., Halson, S.L., Moseley, L., Rayson, M.P., Casey, A. and Jeukendrup, A.E. (2004) Higher dietary carbohydrate content during intensified running training results in better maintenance of performance and mood state. Journal of Applied Physiology 96, 1331-1340.

Akerstrom, T.C. and Pedersen, B.K. (2007) Strategies to enhance immune function for marathon runners: what can be done? Sports Medicine 37, 416-419.

Babineau, T.J., Hackford, A., Kenler, A., Bistrian, B., Forse, R.A., Fairchild, P.G., Heard, S., Keroack, M., Caushaj, P. and Benotti, P. (1994a) A phase II multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of three dosages of an immunomodulator (PGG-glucan) in high-risk surgical patients. Archives of Surgery 1129, 1204-1210.

Babineau, T.J., Marcello, P., Swails, W., Kenler, A., Bistrian, B.,and Forse, R.A. (1994b) Randomized phase I/II trial of a macrophage-specific immunomodulator (PGG-glucan) in high-risk surgical patients. Annals of Surgery 220, 601-609.

Bedirli, A., Kerem, M., Pasaoglu, H., Akyurek, N., Tezcaner, T., Elbeg, S., Memis, L. and Sakrak, O.(2007) Beta-glucan attenuates inflammatory cytokine release and prevents acute lung injury in an experimental model of sepsis. Shock 27, 397-401.

Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J. and Skoner, D.P. (1999) Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness Psychosomatic Medicine 61, 175-180.

Cox, A.J., Pyne, D.B., Saunders, P.U. and Fricker, P.A. (2008) Oral administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum VRI-003 and mucosal immunity in endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, in press

Davis, J.M., Murphy, E.A., Brown, A.S., Carmichael, M.D., Ghaffar, A. and Mayer, E.P. (2004) Effects of oat beta-glucan on innate immunity and infection after exercise stress Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 336, 1321-1327.

Dellinger, E.P., Babineau, T.J., Bleicher, P., Kaiser, A.B., Seibert, G.B., Postier, R.G., Vogel, S.B., Norman, J., Kaufman, D., Galandiuk, S. and Condon, R.E. (1999) Effect of PGG-glucan on the rate of serious postoperative infection or death observed after high-risk gastrointestinal operations. Betafectin Gastrointestinal Study Group. Archives of Surgery 134, 977-983.

Glaser, R., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Marucha, P.T., MacCallum, R.C., Laskowski, B.F. and Malarkey, W.B. (1999) Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 450-456.

Hassmen, P. and Blomstrand, E. (1991) Mood change and marathon running: a pilot study using a Swedish version of the POMS test. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 32, 225-232.

Hetland, G., Lovik, M. and Wiker, H.G. (1998) Protective effect of beta-glucan against mycobacterium bovis, BCG infection in BALB/c mice Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 47, 548-553.

Hong, F., Yan, J., Baran, J.T., Allendorf, D.J., Hansen, R.D., Ostroff, G.R., Xing, P.X., Cheung, N.K. and Ross, G.D. (2004) Mechanism by which orally administered beta -1,3-glucans enhance the tumoricidal activity of antitumor monoclonal antibodies in murine tumor models. Journal of Immunology 173, 797-806.

Ikewaki, N., Fujii, N., Onaka, T., Ikewaki, S. and Inoko, H. (2007) Immunological actions of Sophy beta-glucan (beta-1,3-1,6 glucan), currently available commercially as a health food supplement. Microbiology and Immunology 51, 861-873.

Kekkonen, R. A., Vasankari, T. J., Vuorimaa, T., Haahtela, T., Julkunen, I. and Korpela, R. (2007) The effect of probiotics on respiratory infections and gastrointestinal symptoms during training in marathon runners. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and ExerciseMmetabolism 17, 352-363.

Kernodle, D. S., Gates, H., and Kaiser, A. B. (1998) Prophylactic anti-infective activity of poly-[1-6]- beta -D-glucopyranosyl-[1-3]- beta -D-glucopryanose glucan in a guinea pig model of staphylococcal wound infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, 545-549.

Konig, D., Grathwohl, D., Weinstock, C., Northoff, H. and Berg, A. (2000) Upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: influence of lifestyle, type of sport, training effort, and immunostimulant intake. Exercise Immunology Review 6, 102-120.

Liang, J., Melican, D., Cafro, L., Palace, G., Fisette, L., Armstrong, R. and Patchen, M. L. (1998) Enhanced clearance of a multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats treated with PGG-glucan is associated with increased leukocyte counts and increased neutrophil oxidative burst activity. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 20, 595-614.

Luhm, J., Langenkamp, U., Hensel, J., Frohn, C., Brand, J. M., Hennig, H., Rink, L., Koritke, P., Wittkopf, N., Williams, D. L., and Mueller, A. (2006) Beta -(1-->3)-D-glucan modulates DNA binding of nuclear factors kB, AT and IL-6 leading to an anti-inflammatory shift of the IL-1b/IL-1 receptor antagonist ratio. BMC Immunology 7, 5.

Mackinnon, L.T. (1997) Immunity in athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 18, S62-S68.

Mackinnon, L.T. and Hooper, S. (1994) Mucosal (secretory) immune system responses to exercise of varying intensity and during overtraining. International Journal of Sports Medicine 115, S179-S183.

McNair, D., Heuchert, J. and Shilony, E. (2003) Profile of mood states bBibliography 1964-2002. Available from URL: http://www.mhs.com

McNair, D., Loor, M. and Droppleman, L. (1971) Manual for the profile of mood sStates. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA.

Murphy, E.A., Davis, J.M., Brown, A.S., Carmichael, M.D., Carson, J.A., Van Rooijen, N., Ghaffar, A. and Mayer, E.P. (2008) Benefits of oat ?-glucan on respiratory infection following exercise stress: role of lung macrophages. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, R1593-R1599.

Niederman, R., Kelderman, H., Socransky, S., Ostroff, G., Genco, C., Kent, R., Jr. and Stashenko, P. (2002) Enhanced neutrophil emigration and Porphyromonas gingivalis reduction following PGG-glucan treatment of mice. Archives of Oral Biology 47, 613-618.

Nieman, D.C. and Bishop, N C. (2006) Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system in athletes, with special reference to football. Journal of Sports Science 24(7), 763-772.

Nieman, D.C., Henson, D.A., McMahon, M., Wrieden, J.L., Davis, J.M., Murphy, E.A., Gross, S.J., McAnulty, L.S. and Dumke, C.L. (2008) Beta-glucan, immune function, and upper respiratory tract infections in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 40, 1463-1471.

Nieman, D.C., Johanssen, L.M., Lee, J.W. and Arabatzis, K. (1990) Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 330, 316-328.

Nieman, D.C., Simandle, S., Henson, D.A., Warren, B.J., Suttles, J., Davis, J.M., Buckley, K.S., Ahle, J.C., Butterworth, D.E. and Fagoaga, O.R. (1995) Lymphocyte proliferative response to 2.5 hours of running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 16, 404-409.

Ostrowski, K., Hermann, C., Bangash, A., Schjerling, P., Nielsen, J.N. and Pedersen, B.K. (1998) A trauma-like elevation of plasma cytokines in humans in response to treadmill running. Journal of Physiology 513, 889-894.

Peters, E.M. and Bateman, E.D. (1983) Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. An epidemiological survey, South African Medical Journal 64, 582-584.

Peters, E.M., Goetzsche, J.M., Grobbelaar, B. and Noakes, T.D. (1993) Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 170-174.

Prasad, A.S., Fitzgerald, J.T., Bao, B., Beck, F.W. and Chandrasekar, P.H.( 2000) Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 133, 245-252.

Rice, P.J., Adams, E.L., Ozment-Skelton, T., Gonzalez, A.J., Goldman, M.P., Lockhart, B.E., Barker, L.A., Breuel, K.F., Deponti, W.K., Kalbfleisch, J.H., Ensley, H.E., Brown, G D., Gordon, S. and Williams, D.L. (2005) Oral delivery and gastrointestinal absorption of soluble glucans stimulate increased resistance to infectious challenge. Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics 314, 1079-1086.

Spence, L., Brown, W.J., Pyne, D.B., Nissen, M.D., Sloots, T. P., McCormack, J.G., Locke, A.S. and Fricker, P.A. (2007) Incidence, etiology, and symptomatology of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise 39, 577-586.

Strasner, A., Barlow, C., Kampert, J. and Dunn, A. (2001) Impact of physical activity on URTI symptoms in Project PRIME participants. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise 33, S301.

Vetvicka, V., Terayma, K., Mandeville, R., Brousseau, P., Kournakakis, B. and Ostroff, G. (2002) Pilot study: Orally-administered yeast beta 1-3-glucan prophylactically protects against anthrax infection and cancer in mice. Journal of the American Neutraceuical Association 5, 5-9.

Vetvicka, V., Vashishta, A., Saraswat-Ohri, S. and Vetvickova, J. (2008) Immunological effects of yeast- and mushroom-derived beta-glucans. Journal of Medicinal Food 11, 615-622.