The book composed of twelve sections in 200 pages. The authors are a broad range of experienced scientists and clinicians from various fields including human molecular genetics, clinical genetics and exercise science departments. The topics are as follows: 1- Key concepts in human genetics: understanding the complex phenotype, 2- Nature versus nurture in determining athletic ability, 3- Genetics and sports: an overview of the pre-molecular biology era, 4- Genes, athlete status and training - an overview, 5- Angiotensin Converting enzyme, Renin - Angiotensin system and human performance, 6- ?-Actinin-3 and performance, 7- East African runners: their genetics, lifestyle and athletic prowess, 8- Gene-lifestyle interactions and their consequences on human health, 9- Genetic risk factors for treatment of soft tissue injuries in human and animal athletes, 10- Gene doping: possibilities and practicalities, 11- Genetic testing of athletes, 12- The future of genetic research in exercise science and sports medicine, gene doping and sport.