|
Adams, T.D., Yanowitz, F.G., Fisher, A.G., Ridges, J.D., Lovell, K. and
Pryor, T.A. (1981) Noninvasive evaluation of exercise training in college-age
men. Circulation 64, 958-965.
Basavarajaiah, S., Wilson, M., Whyte, G., Shah, A., Behr, E. and Sharma,
S. (2007) Prevalence and significance of an isolated long QT interval
in elite athletes. European Heart Journal 28, 2944-2949.
Batty, G.D. (2002) Physical activity and coronary heart disease in older
adults. A systematic review of epidemiological studies. European Journal
of Public Health 12, 171-176.
Bazett, H.C. (1920) An analysis of time relations of electrocardiogram.
Heart 7, 353-370.
Bjørnstad, H., Storstein, L., Meen, H.D. and Hals, O. (1991) Electrocardiographic
findings in athletic students and sedentary controls. Cardiology
79, 290-305.
Bjørnstad, H., Storstein, L., Meen, H.D. and Hals, O. (1993) Electrocardiographic
findings according to level of fitness and sport activity. Cardiology
83, 268-279.
Bielen, E., Fagard, R. and Amery, A. (1990) Inheritance of heart structure
and physical exercise capacity: A study of left ventricular structure
and exercise capacity in 7-year-old twins. European Heart Journal
11, 7-16.
Bouchard, C., An, P., Rice, T., Skinner, J.S., Wilmore, J.H., Gagnon,
J., Pérusse, L., Leon, A.S. and Rao, D.C. (1999) Familial aggregation
of VO2max response to exercise training: Results from the HERITAGE Family
Study. Journal of Applied Physiology 87, 1003-1008.
Bouchard, C., Daw, E.W., Rice, T., Pérusse, L., Gagnon, J., Province,
M.A., Leon, A.S., Rao, D.C., Skinner, J.S. and Wilmore, J.H. (1998) Familial
resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: The HERITAGE Family Study.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30, 252-258.
Bouchard, C., Lesage, R., Lortie, G., Simoneau, J.A., Hamel, P., Boulay,
M.R., Pérusse, L., Thériault, G. and Leblanc, C. (1986) Aerobic performance
in brothers, dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise 18, 639-646.
Casale, P.N., Devereux, R.B., Kligfield, P., Eisenberg, R.R., Miller,
D.H., Chaudhary, B.S. and Phillips, M.C. (1985) Electrocardiographic detection
of left ventricular hypertrophy: Development and prospective validation
of improved criteria. Journal of the American College of Cardiology
6, 572-580.
Charlton, G.A. and Crawford, M.H. (1997) Physiologic consequences of training.
Cardiology Clinics 115, 345-354.
Devereux, R.B., Alonso, D.R., Lutas, E.M., Gottlieb, G.J., Campo, E.,
Sachs, I. and Reichek, N. (1986) Echocardiographic assessment of left
ventricular hypertrophy: Comparison to necropsy findings. American
Journal of Cardiology 57, 450-458.
Dyer, A.R., Persky, V., Stamler, J., Paul, O., Shekelle, R.B., Berkson,
D.M., Lepper, M., Schoenberger, J.A. and Lindberg, H.A. (1980) Heart rate
as a prognostic factor for coronary heart disease and mortality: Findings
in three Chicago epidemiologic studies. American Journal of Epidemiology
112, 736-749.
Ehsani, A.A., Hagberg, J.M. and Hickson, R.C. (1978) Rapid changes in
left ventricular dimensions and mass in response to physical conditioning
and deconditioning. American Journal of Cardiology 42, 52-56.
Fagard, R. (2003) Athlete's heart. Heart 89, 1455-1461.
Fagard, R., Bielen, E. and Amery A. (1991) Heritability of aerobic power
and anaerobic energy generation during exercise. Journal of Applied
Physiology 70, 357-362.
Fagard, R., van den Broeke, C., Bielen, E. and Amery, A. (1987) Maximum
oxygen uptake and cardiac size and function in twins. American Journal
of Cardiology 60, 1362-1367.
Fraga, M.F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M.F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar,
M.L., Heine-Suner, D., Cigudosa, J.C., Urioste, M., Benitez, J., Boix-Chornet,
M., Sanchez-Aguilera, A., Ling, C., Carlsson, E., Poulsen, P., Vaag, A.,
Stephan, Z., Spector, T.D., Wu, Y.Z., Plass, C. and Esteller, M. (2005)
Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins.
PNAS 102, 10604-10609.
Kannel, W.B., Kannel, C., Paffenbarger, R.S. Jr. and Cupples, L.A. (1987)
Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: The Framingham study. American
Heart Journal 113, 1489-1494.
Kaprio, J. and Koskenvuo, M. (2002) Genetic and environmental factors
in complex diseases: The older Finnish twin cohort. Twin Research
5, 358-365.
Karjalainen, J., Kujala, U.M., Stolt, A., Mäntysaari, M., Viitasalo, M.,
Kainulainen, K. and Kontula, K. (1999) Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism
predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. Journal
of the American College of Cardiology 34, 494-499.
Karjalainen, J., Viitasalo, M., Mänttäri, M. and Manninen, V. (1994) Relation
between QT intervals and heart rates from 40 to 120 beats/min in rest
electrocardiograms of men and a simple method to adjust QT interval values.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology 23, 1547-1553.
Kasikcioglu, E., Kayserilioglu, A., Ciloglu, F., Akhan, H., Oflaz, H.,
Yildiz, S. and Peker, I. (2004) Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism,
left ventricular remodeling, and exercise capacity in strength-trained
athletes. Heart Vessels 19, 287-293.
Katsuoka, H., Mimori, Y., Kurokawa, K., Harada, T., Kohriyama, T., Ishizaki,
F., Harada, A. and Nakamura, S. (1998) QTc interval, and autonomic and
somatic nerve function in diabetic neuropathy. Clinical Autonomic Research
8, 139-143.
Kujala, U.M., Kaprio, J., Sarna, S. and Koskenvuo, M. (1998) Relationship
of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: The Finnish twin cohort.
Journal of the American Medical Association 279, 440-444.
Leskinen, T., Waller, K., Mutikainen, S., Aaltonen, S., Ronkainen, P.H.A.,
Alén, M., Sipilä, S., Kovanen, V., Perhonen, M., Pietiläinen, K.H., Cheng,
S., Suominen, H., Kainulainen, H., Kaprio, J. and Kujala, U.M. (2009)
Effects of 32-year leisure time physical activity discordance in twin
pairs on health (TWINACTIVE study); aims, design and results for physical
fitness. Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, 108-117.
Molloy, T.J., Okin, P.M., Devereux, R.B. and Kligfield, P. (1992) Electrocardiographic
detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration
product. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 20,
1180-1186.
Montgomery, H.E., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C.M., Prasad, K., Losi, M.A.,
Hemingway, H., Statters, D., Jubb, M., Girvain, M., Varnava, A., World,
M., Deanfield, J., Talmud, P., McEwan, J.R., McKenna, W.J. and Humphries,
S. (1997) Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism
with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training.
Circulation 96, 741-747.
Morrison, D.A., Boyden, T.W., Pamenter, R.W., Freund, B.J., Stini, W.A.,
Harrington, R. and Wilmore, J.H. (1986) Effects of aerobic training on
exercise tolerance and echocardiographic dimensions in untrained postmenopausal
women. American Heart Journal 112, 561-567.
Mosteller, R.D. (1987) Simplified calculation of body surface area. New
England Journal of Medicine 317, 1098.
Mutikainen, S., Ortega-Alonso, A., Alén, M., Kaprio, J., Karjalainen,
J., Rantanen, T. and Kujala, U.M. (2009) Genetic influences on resting
electrocardiographic variables in older women: A twin study. Annals
of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 14, 57-64.
Parker, B.M., Londeree, B.R., Cupp, G.V. and Dubiel, J.P. (1978) The noninvasive
cardiac evaluation of long-distance runners. Chest 73, 376-381.
Pelliccia, A., Di Paolo, F.M., Quattrini, F.M., Basso, C., Culasso, F.,
Popoli, G., De Luca, R., Spataro, A., Biffi, A., Thiene, G. and Maron,
B.J. (2008) Outcomes in athletes with marked ECG repolarization abnormalities.
New England Journal of Medicine 358, 152-161.
Pelliccia, A., Maron, B.J., De Luca, R., Di Paolo, F.M., Spataro, A. and
Culasso, F. (2002) Remodeling of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite
athletes after long-term deconditioning. Circulation 105,
944-949.
Pluim, B.M., Zwinderman, A.H., van der Laarse, A. and van der Wall, E.E.
(2000) The athlete's heart: A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function.
Circulation 101, 336-344.
Ristola, P. (1983) Resting ECG measurements and risk of cardiovascular
death in Finland. Publications of the Social Insurance Institution, Finland,
AL:22, Helsinki. In Finnish (English summary).
Rose, G., Baxter, P.J., Reid, D.D. and McCartney, P. (1978) Prevalence
and prognosis of electrocardiographic findings in middle-aged men. British
Heart Journal 40, 636-643.
Schuit, A.J., Dekker, J.M., de Vegt, F., Verheij, T.C., Rijneke, R.D.
and Schouten, E.G. (1998) Effect of physical training on QTc interval
in elderly people. Journal of Electrocardiology 31, 111-116.
Schwartz, P.J. and Wolf, S. (1978) QT interval prolongation as predictor
of sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction. Circulation
57, 1074-1077.
Serra-Grima, R., Estorch, M., Carrió, I., Subirana, M., Bernà, L. and
Prat, T. (2000) Marked ventricular repolarization abnormalities in highly
trained athletes' electrocardiograms: Clinical and prognostic implications.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36, 1310-1316.
Shaper, A.G., Wannamethee, G., Macfarlane, P.W. and Walker, M. (1993)
Heart rate, ischaemic heart disease, and sudden cardiac death in middle-aged
British men. British Heart Journal 70, 49-55.
Sharma, P., Middelberg, R.P.S., Andrew, T., Johnson, M.R., Christley,
H. and Brown, M.J. (2006) Heritability of left ventricular mass in a large
cohort of twins. Journal of Hypertension 24, 321-324.
Sharma, S., Whyte, G., Elliott, P., Padula, M., Kaushal, R., Mahon, N.
and McKenna, W.J. (1999) Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained
junior elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 33,
319-324.
Sokolow, M. and Lyon, T.P. (1949) The ventricular complex in left ventricular
hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. American
Heart Journal 37, 161-186.
Spirito, P., Pelliccia, A., Proschan, M.A., Granata, M., Spataro, A.,
Bellone, P., Caselli, G., Biffi, A., Vecchio, C. and Maron, B.J. (1994)
Morphology of the “athlete's heart” assessed by echocardiography in 947
elite athletes representing 27 sports. American Journal of Cardiology
74, 802-806.
Stolt, A., Kujala, U.M., Karjalainen, J. and Viitasalo, M. (1997) Electrocardiographic
findings in female endurance athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
7, 85-89.
Stubbe, J.H., Boomsma, D.I., Vink, J.M., Cornes, B.K., Martin, N.G., Skytthe,
A., Kyvik, K.O., Rose, R.J., Kujala, U.M., Kaprio, J., Harris, J.R., Pedersen,
N.L., Hunkin, J., Spector, T.D. and de Geus, E.J.C. (2006) Genetic influences
on exercise participation in 37.051 twin pairs from seven countries. PLoS
ONE 1, e22.
Tanriverdi, H., Kaftan, H.A., Evrengul, H., Dursunoglu, D., Turgut, G.
and Kilic, M. (2005) QT dispersion and left ventricular hypertrophy in
athletes: Relationship with angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism.
Acta Cardiologica 60, 387-393.
Vakili, B.A., Okin, P.M. and Devereux, R.B. (2001) Prognostic implications
of left ventricular hypertrophy. American Heart Journal 141,
334-341.
Waller, K., Kaprio, J. and Kujala, U.M. (2008) Associations between long-term
physical activity, waist circumference and weight gain: A 30-year longitudinal
twin study. International Journal of Obesity 32, 353-361.
Whelton, S.P., Chin, A., Xin, X. and He, J. (2002) Effect of aerobic exercise
on blood pressure: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals
of Internal Medicine 136, 493-503.
|