|
Year
|
Author
|
Sample
size
|
Target
group*
|
Methodology
|
Martial
art
|
Measured
effect
|
Positive
or negative effect among MA†
|
|
1978
|
Duthie
et al.
|
152
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
level of experience)
|
Karate,
other martial arts (not specified)
|
Self-confidence,
dominance, autonomy, achievement, …
|
Positive
among advanced MA
|
|
1980
|
Konzak
& Klavora
|
84
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience)
|
Karate
|
General
development (personality factors and physical well-being)
|
Positive
among advanced MA
|
|
1986
|
Richman
& Rehberg
|
60
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience + performance)
|
Karate
|
Self-esteem
|
Positive
among advanced and successful MA‡
|
|
1986
|
Trulson
|
34
|
Youth
|
Longitudinal
(type of guidance)
|
Taekwondo
|
Anxiety,
self-esteem and social adroitness
|
Positive
among traditional MA
|
|
1989
|
McGowan
& Miller
|
107
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of performance)
|
Karate
|
Angry
|
Positive
among less successful MA‡
|
|
1990
|
Layton
|
93
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience)
|
Karate
|
Trait
and state anxiety
|
Positive
among advanced MA
|
|
1993
|
Kurian
et al.
|
30
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience)
|
Taekwondo
|
Anxiety
and independence
|
Positive
among advanced MA
|
|
1994
|
Kurian
et al.
|
72
|
Youth
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience)
|
Taekwondo
|
Self-reliance
and enthusiastic optimism
|
Positive
among advanced MA
|
|
2003
|
Najafi
|
118
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(type of guidance)
|
Karate
|
Humility
and overall levels of hope
|
Positive
among traditional MA
|
|
2004
|
Lakes
& Hoyt
|
193
|
Youth
|
Longitudinal(school-linked
program)
|
Taekwondo,
control
|
Cognitive
and affective self-regulation, prosocial behavior, classroom conduct,
performance on a mental math test
|
Positive
over time among MA
|
|
2007
|
Kuan
& Roy
|
40
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of performance)
|
Wushu
|
Self-confidence
and energy control
|
Positive
among successful MA‡
|
|
2007
|
Wargo
et al.
|
40
|
General
|
Cross-sectional
(level of experience)
|
Taekwondo,
karate
|
Self-esteem
|
Neither
positive nor negative
|
|
2009
|
Steyn
& Roux
|
72
|
Youth
|
Cross-sectional
(comparison different groups)
|
Taekwondo,
hockey,non-sport group
|
Personal
growth and self-acceptance
|
Positive
among MA
|