Table 1. Study characteristics and absolute reliability in children and adolescents.
| Author
(Year) |
Age
(yr) |
Sex |
Device |
Interval |
Arm |
HGS
test1 |
HGS
test2 |
MD
(kg) |
%
MD |
| Young
Children (< 7 years old) |
| Svensson
et al (2008) |
6 years |
19BG |
Grippit |
7 days |
NR |
7.65 (2.24) |
7.85 (2.65) |
1.36 |
17.5 |
| Sanchez-Delgado
et al (2015) |
(3-5) |
32B |
Takei |
3
hours |
NR |
6.6 (3.0) |
6.2 (2.6) |
2.52 |
39.4 |
| (3-5) |
24G |
6.6
(3.1) |
6.7
(3.0) |
2.17 |
32.7 |
| Cadenas-Sanchez
et al (2016) |
4.90 (0.86) |
92B |
Takei |
14
days |
Avg
of both hands |
8.40 (2.40) |
8.02 (2.56) |
2.59 |
31.5 |
| 4.82 (0.79) |
69G |
7.24 (2.34) |
7.22 (2.21) |
2.37 |
32.8 |
| Amado-Pacheco
et al (2019) |
4.04 (0.82) |
48B |
NR |
14
days |
Avg
of both hands |
8.19 (2.46) |
8.10 (2.39) |
1.14 |
14.0 |
| 3.95
(0.82) |
42G |
7.30
(1.95) |
7.35
(1.92) |
1.41 |
19.3 |
| Abe et al
(2022) |
6.1 (0.3) |
8B 5G |
Takei |
7 days |
Right |
10.3 (1.4) |
10.1 (1.1) |
1.60 |
15.8 |
| King-Dowling
et al (2024) |
4.7
(0.6) |
22B
20G |
Takei |
2-3
weeks |
Dominant
Nondominant |
7.4
(1.6) |
7.8
(1.6) |
2.16 |
28.4 |
| 7.7
(1.5) |
7.8
(1.5) |
1.76 |
22.8 |
| Children
(7-10 years) |
| Espana-Romero
et al (2010) |
(6-11) |
58BG |
Takei |
7 days |
Sum of
both hands |
29.9 (4.9) |
28.4 (3.8) |
4.31 |
14.8 |
| Gerodimos
(2012) |
9.85
(0.70) |
30B
[BB] |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Preferred |
20.06
(4.67) |
20.32
(4.81) |
3.23 |
16.0 |
| Non-preferred |
19.78
(4.59) |
19.92
(4.59) |
2.37 |
12.0 |
| Gerodimos
& Karatrantou (2013) |
9.49
(0.96) |
27B
[WR] |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Preferred |
22.33 (3.37) |
22.11 (3.66) |
2.55 |
11.5 |
| Non-preferred |
21.78 (3.30) |
21.59 (3.42) |
2.74 |
12.7 |
| Fernandez-Santos
et al (2016) |
8.7 (1.8) |
98B 82G |
Takei |
7 days |
Sum of
both hands |
31.5 (10.1) |
31.3 (9.9) |
5.25 |
16.7 |
| Gasior et
al (2020) |
7~9 |
69B 68G |
Jamar |
24 hours |
Dominant |
13.25 (3.28) |
13.75 (3.34) |
1.78 |
13.2 |
| Adolescents
(10-18 years old) |
| Svensson
et al (2008) |
10
years |
20BG |
Grippit |
7
days |
NR |
15.7
(3.98) |
17.0
(4.89) |
5.68 |
34.8 |
| 14
years |
19BG |
32.3
(8.66) |
33.1
(8.57) |
4.74 |
14.5 |
| Ortega
et al (2008) |
13.7 (0.8) |
69B |
Takei |
2
weeks |
Avg
of both hands |
31.2 (6.4) |
31.5 (6.9) |
4.90 |
15.6 |
| 13.6 (0.8) |
54G |
26.1 (5.1) |
26.1 (4.9) |
3.53 |
13.5 |
| Espana-Romero
et al (2010) |
(12-18) |
80BG |
Takei |
7 days |
Sum of
both hands |
50.5 (14.6) |
51.9 (15.3) |
9.60 |
18.8 |
| Gerodimos
(2012) |
14.37
(0.61) |
30B
[BB] |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Preferred |
42.10 (9.44) |
42.67 (9.15) |
3.14 |
7.4 |
| Non-preferred |
41.27 (8.41) |
41.81 (8.73) |
3.25 |
7.8 |
| Gerodimos
& Karatrantou (2013) |
14.60
(0.50) |
27B
[WR] |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Preferred |
47.07
(8.32) |
47.26
(8.56) |
2.94 |
6.2 |
| Non-preferred |
46.67
(9.2) |
46.63
(9.23) |
3.60 |
7.7 |
| Ramirez-Velez
et al (2015) |
12.8 (2.4) |
124B |
Takei |
7
days |
Avg
of both hands |
19.6 (8.9) |
19.0 (8.5) |
3.92 |
20.3 |
| 12.8 (2.5) |
105G |
16.9 (5.1) |
16.5 (5.4) |
3.14 |
18.8 |
| Dugdale
et al (2019) |
NR
for each group, overall 13.5 (1.8) [SO] |
26B |
Takei |
7-14
days |
Dominant |
17.8
(2.6) |
17.7
(2.9) |
1.91 |
10.7 |
| 51B |
18.1
(3.6) |
18.7
(3.3) |
4.11 |
22.4 |
| 75B |
21.5
(4.5) |
22.1
(4.8) |
4.83 |
22.2 |
| 59B |
25.3
(5.3) |
25.9
(5.8) |
4.87 |
19.0 |
| 81B |
33.2
(7.5) |
33.4
(7.2) |
5.88 |
17.7 |
| 46B |
37.7
(7.2) |
38.3
(6.3) |
5.28 |
13.9 |
| 35B |
37.5
(7.3) |
37.8
(7.0) |
7.01 |
18.6 |
| Gasior et
al (2020) |
10~13 |
87B 82G |
Jamar |
24 hours |
Dominant |
22.68 (5.60) |
22.70 (5.50) |
2.41 |
10.6 |
| O'Keeffe
et al (2020) |
13.44
(0.35) |
19B,
26G |
Takei |
7
days |
Avg
of both hands |
21.5
(4.1) |
21.5
(4.5) |
2.16 |
10.0 |
| 13.42
(0.32) |
20B,
21G |
25.3
(5.4) |
25.0
(5.3) |
1.76 |
7.0 |
| Trajkovic
et al (2024) |
12.2
(0.4) |
32B
24G |
Jamar |
5
days |
Right |
20.50 (4.89) |
19.32 (4.91) |
5.25 |
26.4 |
| Left |
18.64 (4.07) |
18.01 (4.39) |
5.17 |
28.2 |
| Takei |
Right |
20.81 (4.84) |
20.16 (5.34) |
5.53 |
27.0 |
| Left |
19.22 (4.26) |
19.01 (4.94) |
5.54 |
29.0 |
B, boys; G, girls; Avg, average; NR, not reported; MD, minimal difference; %MD, percentage of a minimal difference to the measured value; HGS, handgrip strength (unit in kilograms); BB, basketball players; WR, wrestlers; SO, soccer players
