Table 1. Mean(SD) kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal data for each foot-strike pattern.
| Parameters |
Foot-strike
patterns |
P
values |
Effect
sizes |
| RFS |
MFS |
FFS |
RFS-MFS |
RFS-FFS |
MFS-FFS |
RFS-MFS |
RFS-FFS |
MFS-FFS |
| Foot-strike
angle (°) |
17.7 (4.4) |
2.58 (1.47) |
-7.92 (2.75) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
4.58 |
6.94 |
4.77 |
| Spatiotemporal |
| Contact
time (s) |
.25 (.02) |
.237 (.020) |
.241 (.027) |
.023 |
.261 |
.339 |
.54 |
.29 |
-.17 |
| Steps
per mile (steps/mile) |
1569(131) |
1526(208) |
1530(197) |
.812 |
.940 |
.854 |
.25 |
.24 |
-.02 |
| Ankle/Knee
joint |
| Peak
planterflexion moment (N/kg) |
16.8 (3.3) |
18.9 (3.7) |
20.9 (4.0) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.58 |
-1.11 |
-.53 |
| Peak
knee extension moment (N/kg) |
2.45 (.50) |
2.37 (.54) |
2.06 (.57) |
.022 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.15 |
.73 |
.56 |
| Knee
flexion angle (°) |
43.1 (4.3) |
43.4 (4.8) |
41.3 (5.4) |
.216 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.08 |
.37 |
.42 |
| Achilles
tendon |
| Peak
force (N/kg) |
71.2 (9.8) |
80.1 (12.4) |
85.2 (12.4) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.80 |
-1.25 |
-.41 |
| Peak
lever arm (cm) |
3.54 (.14) |
3.54 (.18) |
3.69 (.16) |
.83 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.03 |
-1.02 |
-.87 |
| Peak
time (s) |
.143 (.012) |
.128 (.012) |
.127 (.013) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.545 |
1.25 |
1.28 |
.08 |
| Impluse
per step (N/kg·s) |
7.7 (1.3) |
9.2 (1.7) |
10.2 (1.9) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.99 |
-1.54 |
-.55 |
| Impulse
per mile (N/kg·s) |
5993(803) |
7131(951) |
7864(940) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-1.29 |
-2.14 |
-.78 |
| Plantar
fascia |
| Peak
force (N/kg) |
57.2 (22.6) |
64.1 (24.3) |
71.7 (24.0) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.30 |
-.62 |
-.31 |
| Peak
time (s) |
.149 (.013) |
.132 (.014) |
.131 (.013) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.442 |
1.26 |
1.39 |
.08 |
| Impluse
per step (N/kg·s) |
6.20 (2.19) |
7.53 (2.64) |
8.96 (3.01) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.54 |
-1.03 |
-.51 |
| Impulse
per mile (N/kg·s) |
4792 (1535) |
5829 (1986) |
6975 (2243) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
-.59 |
-1.44 |
-.54 |
| Patellofemoral
joint |
| Quadriceps
force (N/kg) |
61.6 (13.8) |
59.0 (15.0) |
50.4 (15.4) |
.055 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.18 |
.76 |
.57 |
| Peak
stress (MPa) |
14.4 (3.7) |
13.9 (3.9) |
12.0 (4.4) |
.120 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.14 |
.61 |
.48 |
| Peak
reaction force (N/kg) |
52.5 (12.9) |
50.6 (14.1) |
42.6 (14.4) |
.111 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.14 |
.73 |
.57 |
| Peak
lever arm (m) |
.0406 (.0016) |
.0405 (.0018) |
.0413 (.002) |
.714 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.06 |
-.39 |
-.42 |
| Peak
contact area (mm2) |
240.2 (6.6) |
239.9 (7.0) |
237.0 (8.7) |
.475 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.05 |
.41 |
.36 |
| Peak
time (s) |
.092 (.011) |
.084 (.009) |
.099 (.01) |
<.016* |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.80 |
-.67 |
-1.58 |
| Impluse
per step (MPa·s) |
1.50 (.47) |
1.39 (.50) |
1.15 (.45) |
.023 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.23 |
.76 |
.51 |
| Impluse
per mile (MPa·s) |
1166(348) |
1079(361) |
884(317) |
.020 |
<.016* |
<.016* |
.25 |
.85 |
.58 |
*p<0.016: Significant difference between foot-strike patterns because of Bonferroni adjustment (α level is 0.0167). RFS, Rearfoot strike; MFS, Midfoot strike; FFS, Forefoot strike.
