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| |
| Authors | Country | Sample Size | Intervention Method Intervention: Control | Age | Weeks | Weekly Exercise Frequency | Time | Exercise Program | Cognitive Assessment Test | Other Indicators |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwok
et al. ( |
Hong Kong, China | I: 39 | Aquatic HIIT | I:
66.3±5.0 C: 65.7±6.2 |
8 | 2 | 20 min | Deep water run or run: weeks 1-2 (10 bouts of 2-minute exercise at 80%-85% HRmax + 1-minute active recovery 50% HRmax), weeks 3-5 (10 bouts of 2-minute exercise at 85%-90% HRmax + 1-minute active recovery at 50% HRmax, weeks 6-8 (10 bouts of 2-minute exercise at 90%-95% HRmax + 1-minute active recovery at 50% HRmax. NR | MMSE MoCA |
Cardiorespiratory
fitness Triglycerides Total Cholesterol HDL LDL |
| C: 31 | Land-based exercise | |||||||||
| Ploydang
et al. ( |
Thailand | I: 17 | Aquatic aerobic exercise | I:
69±3.7 C: 69.2±5.3 |
12 | 3 | 60 min | Nordic Walking in Water:weeks 1-6(40%–50%HRR), weeks 6-12(50%–60% HRR). | MMSE MoCA Stroop color test (s) Trail Making Test Part B (s) |
Vascular
function Cerebrovascular function Biochemical variables |
| C: 17 | Nonexercising | Usual care | ||||||||
| Kang
et al. ( |
South Korea | I: 17 | Aquatic aerobic exercise | I:
73.8±4.0 C: 73.4±4.2 |
16 | 3 | 60 min | Jogging, jumping jacks, cross country, pendulum, and other similar exercises: weeks 1-4 (40%–50%HRR), weeks 5-8 (50%–60% HRR), weeks 9-12 (60%–65%HRR), weeks 13-16 (65%–70%HRR). | MMSE-K | BDNF IGF-1 VEGF BMI |
| C: 10 | Nonexercising | Usual care | ||||||||
| Jang
et al. ( |
South Korea | I: 13 | Aquatic HIIT | I:
≥65 C: ≥65 |
12 | 3 | 40 min | Aquatic walking, jumping jack, standing jump, and other similar exercises: Weeks1-12 | MMSE-K | Triglycerides HDL LDL IGF-1 |
| C: 12 | Land-based exercise | NR | ||||||||
| So
et al. ( |
Hong Kong, China | I: 14 | Aquatic aerobic exercise | I:
65.9±0.8 C: 65.9±1.0 |
NR | NR | 30 min | Both groups performed a 20-minute running exercise. In the Land group, participants ran at a speed and treadmill grade predetermined from a prior incremental test. In the Aquatic group, participants were required to run in the desired cadence, which was monitored by a metronome. | DSST | Cerebral blood flow |
| C: 14 | Land-based exercise | |||||||||
| Sato
et al. ( |
Japan | I: 7 | Aquatic cognitive–motor exercise | I:
69-76 C: 69-86 |
10 | 1 | 50 min | 10 minutes of walking, 30 minutes of aquatic cognitive exercises, and 10 minutes of water-based stretching and relaxation. | HDS-R | Physical functions |
| C: 7 | Aquatic strength training | 10 minutes of walking, 30 minutes of strength and step exercises (including striding movements), and 10 minutes of water-based stretching and relaxation. | ||||||||
| Dunlap
et al. ( |
USA | I: 13 | Aquatic cognitive–motor exercise | I:
83±7 C: 81±8 |
8 | 3 | 45 min | Aquatic exercise and cognitive training: Weeks1-8 (10-minute warm-up; 25-minute training phase; 10-minute cool-down) | Stroop color-word test | Neurotrophic factors Functional mobility Balance |
| C: 12 | Nonexercising | Usual care | ||||||||
| Kooncumchoo
et al. ( |
Thailand | I: 23 | Aquatic cognitive–motor exercise | I:
69.4±3.7 C: 68.3±3.3 |
12 | 3 | 60 min | 10-min warm-up, 40-min of aerobic exercise, simultaneously with cognitive training involving recalling a number and color, and a 10-min cool-down. | MoCA | Two
MST BaPWV (cm/s) |
| C: 23 | Aquatic aerobic exercise | 10 min of warm-up, 40-min of aerobic exercise(hip flexion and abduction, side back kick, etc), and 10-min cool-down. | ||||||||
| Carral
et al. ( |
Spain | I: 31 | Aquatic strength training | I:
68.5±3.40 C: 68.3±3.5 |
9 | 2 | 45 min | Aquatic exercise: Weeks 1-9 (6 of muscular resistance in the water, 9 of moving in different positions, etc.) + Strength.Training: weeks5-9 (aerobic resistance and mobility of the joints, bodybuilding, etc) | MMSE | Quality of life Cardiorespiratory fitness |
| C: 31 | Aquatic HIIT | Aquatic exercise: Weeks1-9 (6 of muscular resistance in the water, 9 of moving in different positions, etc.) + Calisthenic Training: Weeks5-9(walking, aerobic resistance, etc) |