Table 2. Conditions for measuring shoulder joint muscle strength using a hand held dynamometer.

MVIC task	Posture	Limb posture	Dynamometer position
Flexion	Seated	0° shoulder flexion, 0° abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in neutral	Distal lateral humerus supracondylar crest
Extension	Seated	0eatedulder flexion, 0t abduction, 0° elbow flexion, forearm in neutral	Above the olecranon
Abduction	Seated	90atedoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation	Distal lateral humerus supracondylar crest
Adduction	Seated	0eatedulder flexion, 0t abduction, 0° elbow flexion, forearm in pronation	Distal medial humerus supracondylar crest
Horizontal abduction	Prone	90° shoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation	Above the olecranon
Horizontal adduction	Supine	90° shoulder abduction, elbow slightly bent, forearm in pronation	Distal lateral humerus
Internal rotation	Seated	45° shoulder flexion, 135° elbow flexion	Styloid process of the ulna
External rotation	Seated	45° shoulder flexion, 135° elbow flexion	Styloid process of the ulna
Protraction	Seated	90° shoulder flexion, elbow full extension	2nd~3rd proximal interphalanges

MVIC: maximal voluntary isometric contraction.