| Ascondo
et al., 2024 |
4v4 wheelchair
basketball, 4×4 min bouts, 2 min rest, 28×15 m court |
20 m sprints
(S5 m, S20 m, S5–20 m) before SSG (T0) and after each bout (T1–T4) |
SCI players
showed significant loss of sprint capacity: ↑ S20 m and S5–20
m times at T2 and T3 vs T0 (p < .05, ES = 0.28–0.35, small).
SCI players consistently slower than Non-SCI across tests (p < .01,
ES = 1.52–2.12, large). Non-SCI showed no significant decrements
across bouts. Correlations in SCI group: total RPEresTL correlated with
decline in S5 m (r = 0.72, p < .01) and S20 m (r = 0.66, p <
.05) between T0–T4. No significant correlations in Non-SCI. |
| Baseri
et al., 2022 |
3v3 +
4 support players, 4×4 min, 3-min rest, 18×20 m, ball-possession
with coach encouragement |
20 m sprint
at baseline and 48 h post |
No significant
differences between recovery strategies for 20 m sprint (F = 0.361, p =
0.78, η2 = 0.02). Within-condition analysis showed significant
improvement from baseline to 48 h (p = 0.001, η2 = 0.37,
moderate effect). |
| Bekris
et al., 2022 |
3v3, 8×3
min, 3-min rest, 20×25 m, no GK, ball possession |
Squat jump,
20 m sprint at PRE, POST, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h |
No significant
impairments in squat jump (F(1.68,18.45)=1.40, p ≥ 0.05, η2=0.11)
or 20 m sprint (F(2.02,22.20)=2.65, p ≥ 0.05, η2=0.19).
Performance remained stable across time points. |
| Clemente
et al., 2017 |
1v1 (3×2
min) and 3v3 (3×3 min), 1:1.5 work-to-rest |
Squat jump
(SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) before, after each bout |
No significant
differences across bouts in SJ (p = 0.981, ES = 0.415, moderate) or CMJ
(p = 0.307, ES = 0.112, minimum). No significant interaction with format.
Neuromuscular output not impaired despite increased HR and RPE. |
| Dello Iacono
et al., 2016 |
3v3 handball,
5×3 min bouts, 1-min rest, with vs without contact |
CMJ and
plyometric press-up before and immediately after SSG |
Contact
SSG (C-SSG): Significant impairments in CMJ: Fpeak-ecc -6.4% (p<0.001,
η2=0.979), Secc -3.3% (p<0.001, η2=0.961),
Fpeak-con -2.4% (p<0.001, η2=0.992), Ppeak-con
-3.2% (p<0.001, η2=0.995), JH -5.2%
(p=0.001, η2=0.381). Upper-body PP: Fpeak-ecc -9.6%
(p<0.001, η2=0.989), Fpeak-con -6.4% (p<0.001,
η2=0.989), Ppeak-con -11.5% (p<0.001, η2=0.911).
No-contact SSG (NC-SSG): Small improvements: CMJ JH +2.5% (p<0.05),
Ppeak-con +8.1% (p<0.001); PP Fpeak-con +2.3% (p<0.05). |
| Iturricastillo
et al., 2018 |
4v4 WB,
4×4 min bouts, 2-min passive recovery |
5 m &
20 m sprints, 5 m & 20 m sled towing, CODA pre vs post |
Sprint
performance declined 1.10% at 5 m and 20 m (p < .01; ES ≤
0.14). Sled towing declined 1.82% at 5 m (p < .05; ES = 0.18) and
2.68% at 20 m (p < .01; ES = 0.27). CODA showed trivial change (-0.41%,
p > .05, ES = -0.04). Δ% LS–ST significantly ↑
post at 20 m (p < .05, ES = 0.38), but not 5 m (p > .05, ES = 0.06).
Negative correlations: Δ% sprint (5 m r = -0.42; 20 m r =
-0.55, p < .01) with Δ% blood lactate; Δ% sled
towing (20 m) with Δ% tympanic temperature (r = -0.45) and
lactate (r = -0.46). |
| Johnston
et al., 2014 |
Rugby league,
“offside” 6v6 SSG (2×8 min halves, 70×30 m),
with vs without contact (16 × 10 s bouts/half) |
CMJ and
plyometric press-up PRE, POST, 12 h, 24 h |
CMJ (lower
body): Reductions POST in both games: contact ES = -0.88; non-contact
ES = -1.42. At 12 h: contact ES = -1.40; non-contact ES =
-2.25. At 24 h: contact ES = -0.35 vs non-contact ES = -1.13.
Differences between games were practically meaningful (likelihood ≥75–92%).
PP (upper body): No change in non-contact. Contact game → large reduction
POST (ES = -1.86), moderate reductions at 12 h (ES = -0.74)
and 24 h (ES = -0.74). Between-group differences: POST (ES = -1.31,
almost certain), 12 h (ES = -0.68, very likely), 24 h (ES = -0.87,
likely). |
| Madison
et al., 2019 |
3v3 (20×15
m, 300 m2, ~50 m2/player) vs 4v4 (40×25
m, 1000 m2, ~125 m2/player), 6×4 min,
90 s rest |
Isometric
hamstring torque (NordBord) at 90° and 30° knee flexion, pre
vs post |
Larger-area
4v4 SSG induced greater decrements. Peak hamstring force at 90°:
-13.62 N vs -5.78 N in 3v3 (p<0.05, d=0.60). Mean hamstring
force at 90°: -24.78 N vs -11.11 N (p<0.05,
d=0.51). Relationship between total accelerations and peak torque decrement
at 90°: r=0.46, p=0.039. Interpretation: higher external loads in
larger SSGs produce greater hamstring fatigue. |
| Martínez-Serrano
et al., 2023 |
4v4 +
3 floaters SSG on MD-4 (~activation microcycle), followed by TR1
(6v6 + 2 GK on 40×40 m and 10v8 transitions in ¾ pitch)
and TR2 (7v7 + GK on 90×60 m and 10v8 transitions in ¾
pitch) |
Isometric
MVIC of knee extensors and posterior chain: baseline, post-ACT, post-SSG,
post-TR1, post-6h, post-24h, post-PREV, post-TR2 |
Posterior
chain (90:20 MVIC): significant ↓ in “HIGH” HSR group
after TR1 (-14.08%, 337.7 ± 105.8 N → 290.2 ±
104.2 N, p = 0.037, ES = 0.45). Recovery incomplete at 6h (-9.4%)
and 24h (-5.0%) vs baseline. “LOW” HSR group showed
no impairment (Δ = +0.2 to +6.5%). Knee extensor MVIC
unaffected by training load (F = 1.155, p = 0.332). |
| Modena
& Schena, 2024 |
3v3 (30×20
m, 100 m2/player) vs 6v6 (60×40 m, 200 m2/player),
4×4 min bouts, 2-min rest, no GK |
Sprint
(10, 20, 30 m) and CMJ pre, post, 24 h |
Sprint:
Both formats impaired sprint performance post (10 m: +0.02–0.04
s, p<0.05; 20 m: +0.04–0.05 s, p<0.01; 30 m:
+0.07–0.08 s, p<0.001). At 24 h, 3v3 recovered to baseline
(no sig. diffs), but 6v6 remained slower at 30 m (Δ+0.03 s
vs pre, p=0.021, g=-0.29). CMJ: 3v3: trivial ↑ at 24 h (35.9
→ 38.4 cm, p=0.001, g=0.40). 6v6: ↓ post (37.9 → 36.3
cm, p=0.038, g=-0.28), remained ↓ at 24 h (36.1 cm, p=0.021,
g=-0.29). |
| Mora et
al., 2025 |
7v7 +
2 GK, 3×8 min (LSG8, 68×40 m, 194 m2/player, 5-min
rest) vs 6×4 min (LSG4, 68×40 m, 194 m2/player,
2-min rest) vs 6×4 min (SSG4, 40×34 m, 97 m2/player,
2-min rest) |
CMJ, kick
velocity (KV), 20-m sprint (split 0–10 m, 10–20 m) pre vs
post |
CMJ: No
sig. changes post in any format (LSG8 ES = -0.16; LSG4 ES = -0.10;
SSG4 ES = -0.06; all p > 0.05). KV: Small ↓ after SSG4 (p
= 0.04, ES = -0.54). Sprint: All formats impaired sprint performance.
0–10 m: small impairment after LSG4 (p < 0.01, ES = 0.29).
10–20 m and 0–20 m: moderate-to-large impairments after all
formats (p = 0.00–0.01, ES = 0.60–1.50). Greater 0–10
m impairment observed in LSG4 vs LSG8 (p = 0.03). |
| Papanikolaou
et al., 2021 |
4v4 (20×25
m, 62.5 m2/player, 6×4 min, 180-s rest) vs 8v8 (70×65
m, 284.4 m2/player, 3×8 min, 90-s rest), no GK |
MVIC KE/KF
at baseline, 1h, 2h, 3h; isokinetic concentric/eccentric strength, CMJ,
30-m sprint at baseline, 24h, 48h, 72h |
MVIC: ↓
KE + KF at 1h–2h in both formats; extended to 3h in 8v8. Isokinetic
strength: KE concentric ↓ 24h in both formats; KE eccentric ↓
up to 72h in 8v8 (p<0.05). KF concentric ↓ 24h; KF eccentric
↓ 24–72h (p<0.05). CMJ: ↓ 24h in 4v4; ↓
post, 24h, 48h in 8v8. Sprint: ↓ 24–48h in 4v4; ↓ 24–72h
in 8v8. |
| Pellegrino
et al., 2020 |
4v4, U18
elite males, 8-min bouts, pitches 125, 150, 250, 300 m2; pre
and post repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (10×40 m shuttles, 25
s recovery) |
External
load from GPS (sprints, accelerations, distances, Vmax, Vmean) pre vs post
RSA |
125 m2:
Post-RSA decrements: Vmax -1.81 km/h (CI -3.05 to -0.57,
ES=0.97, p=0.005), Vmean -0.69 km/h (CI -1.16 to -0.23,
ES=1.26, p=0.004), sprint number -6.56 (CI -10.13 to -3.00,
ES=1.13, p<0.001), accelerations zone 2 -2.69 (CI -5.13
to -0.24, ES=0.68, p=0.032), sprint distance -65.44 m (CI
-103.73 to -27.16, ES=1.20, p=0.001). 150 m2: Distance
↓ -88.3 m (ES=0.95, p=0.018). 250–300 m2:
Larger pitches allowed higher high-intensity running; post-RSA, Vmean ↓
in 300 m2 (-0.88 km/h, ES=1.17, p<0.001), sprints
↓ in 250 m2 (-3.69, ES=0.72, p=0.043). Overall,
fatigue impaired high-intensity actions most in the smallest pitch (125
m2). |
| Sjökvist
et al., 2011 |
4v4 SSG
(32×22.5 m, 4×4 min, 3-min active recovery) + soccer-specific
interval running (4×4 min, 3-min recovery), with and without the
ball |
CMJ, 5BT,
20-m sprint pre, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h post |
CMJ: ↓
after 24 h vs baseline (48.8 ± 7.9 → 46.9 ± 7.6 cm,
p<0.04), recovered by 48 h (48.7 ± 7.9) and 72 h (49.3 ±
8.3). 5BT, 20SP: No sig. changes across recovery intervals (p>0.05). |
| Skala &
Zemková, 2023 |
4v4 +
GK, 40×25 m pitch (125 m2/player), 6×4 min bouts,
1-min rest |
CMJ, planned
agility (PA), reactive agility (RA) pre vs post |
CMJ: ↓
-6.65% (29.7 → 27.7 cm, p=0.014, g=0.56). PA: ↑ +4.04%
(1.98 → 2.06 s, p=0.002, g=0.97). RA: ↑ +6.45% (2.17
→ 2.31 s, p=0.003, g=1.16). Fatigue impaired explosive strength and
agility. |
| Sparkes
et al., 2018 |
4v4 +
GK, 6×7 min bouts, 2-min rest, 24×29 m pitch |
CMJ (PPO,
JH) pre, 0h, +2h, +24h |
PPO: ↓
at 0h (-1.1 W·kg-1, ±0.9, possibly small),
recovered at +2h (+0.7, trivial), ↓ again at +24h
(-0.9, ±0.8, small). JH: ↓ at 0h (-3.2 cm, ±1.9,
moderate), recovered at +2h (+0.1 cm, trivial), ↓ again
at +24h (-2.5 cm, ±1.2, small). Shows bimodal recovery
pattern. |
| Sparkes
et al., 2020a |
4v4 +
GK, 6×7 min, 2-min rest, 24×29 m pitch, compared across 2
sessions |
CMJ (PPO,
JH) pre, 0h, 24h |
PPO: Session
1 ↓ 0h (-0.9 W·kg-1, ±0.8, small),
recovered at 24h (-0.3, ±0.6, trivial). Session 2 ↓
0h (-0.9, ±0.8, small), ↓ at 24h (-0.9, ±0.6,
small). JH: Session 1 ↓ 0h (-3.4 cm, ±2.2, moderate),
recovered 24h (-0.4, ±2.0, trivial). Session 2 ↓ 0h
(-3.3, ±2.2, moderate), ↓ 24h (-1.9, ±2.0,
small). Findings suggest greater fatigue persistence when players were in
congested periods . |
| Sparkes
et al., 2020b |
4v4 +
GK, 6×7 min bouts, 2-min rest, 24×29 m pitch; compared two
orders: (a) SSG → resistance (SSG+RES), (b) resistance →
SSG (RES+SSG), 2-h interval |
CMJ (JH,
PPO) pre, 0h, +24h |
JH: RES+SSG
↓ 0h (-4.1 ± 2.6 cm, p<0.001, d=0.67, moderate),
recovered +24h (-1.3 ± 2.0 cm, ns). SSG+RES
↓ 0h (-2.2 ± 3.1 cm, p=0.061), residual at +24h
(-2.6 ± 4.9 cm, ns). PPO: RES+SSG ↓ 0h (-3.53
± 2.48 W·kg-1, p<0.001, d=0.50), recovered
+24h (-1.56 ± 2.30, ns). SSG+RES minimal change
(-0.84 ± 2.75, ns). Significant protocol × time interaction
for PPO (p=0.009). |
| Sparkes
et al., 2022 |
4v4 +
GK, 6×7 min, 2-min rest, 24×29 m pitch, repeated on consecutive
weeks |
CMJ (JH,
PPO) pre vs post |
Reliability:
Pre SSG ICC very high for PPO (0.95, CV=2.1%), high for JH (0.82, CV=3.9%).
Response consistency: Pre→post change ICC moderate (PPO 0.68; JH
0.77). JH ↓ -1.5 to -1.8 cm across weeks; PPO ↓
-41 to -80 W. |
| Trecroci
et al., 2019 |
Postmatch
interventions: (a) Soccer-specific training (SST: 4×3-min 4v4 SSG,
tactical drills, set plays, ~60 min); (b) Active recovery (AR: low-intensity
circle drills + jogging, ~30 min) |
Assessments:
PRE (-72 h), Postmatch (0 h), Postintervention (+72 h) |
30-m sprint:
Impaired 0 h (↑ time, ES=1.3–2.4), recovered by +72
h under both SST (-4.47 ± 0.21 → 4.28 ± 0.13
s, p=0.005) and AR (4.51 ± 0.15 → 4.28 ± 0.22 s, p=0.016).
RSA (5×30 m): Impaired 0 h (ES=0.8), recovered by +72 h under
both interventions (p<0.01). MVF knee extensors: Impaired 0 h (ES=0.8–1.3),
recovered similarly in both SST (+7.2%, p=0.045) and AR (+11.1%,
p=0.004). MVF knee flexors: Impaired 0 h (ES=1.0–2.0). Recovered
only under AR (+25.7%, p=0.001); no sig. recovery in SST (+9.4%,
p=0.083). Significant time×intervention interaction (p=0.036). AR
> SST in restoring hamstring strength (ES=-0.60). |
