Table 2. Hip and knee joint angles and angular velocities in Phase 1.
Variables BFR (n = 8) GLE (n = 6) Z (p) Effect size r (95%CI)
Front Leg Hip Flexion Angle (°) Pre 53.75 ± 10.19 67.88 ± 12.21 1.936 (.059)
Post 57.74 ± 4.31 58.15 ± 12.46 .000 (1.000)
Z (p) .420 (.674) 1.153 (.249)
Diff (Δ) 3.99 ± 9.92 -9.73 ± 16.87 1.162 (.282) -.31 (-.72~.26)
Front Leg Hip Flexion Velocity (°/s) Pre 123.86 ± 37.11 143.07 ± 40.51 .904 (.414)
Post 127.52 ± 37.27 110.66 ± 16.96 1.162 (.282)
Z (p) .560 (.575) 1.782 (.075)
Diff (Δ) 3.66 ± 23.97 -32.41 ± 46.75 1.549 (.142) .41 (-.15~.77)
Front Leg Hip Extension Velocity (°/s) Pre -19.03 ± 13.36 -11.94 ± 35.78 .000 (1.000)
Post -9.43 ± 18.55 -19.49 ± 9.60 .904 (.414)
Z (p) 1.400 (.161) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 9.60 ± 20.20 -7.55 ± 41.18 .775 (.491) .21 (-.36~.66)
Front Leg
Knee Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 70.21 ± 17.15 79.43 ± 22.69 .775 (.491)
Post 85.69 ± 9.90 79.60 ± 20.77 .516 (.662)
Z (p) 1.960 (.050)* .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 15.47 ± 17.55 .17 ± 21.24 1.291 (.228) .35 (-.23~.74)
Front Leg
Knee Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 146.85 ± 50.53 171.68 ± 123.54 .516 (.662)
Post 196.70 ± 55.96 157.02 ± 46.01 1.291 (.228)
Z (p) 1.680 (.093) .314 (.753)
Diff (Δ) 49.85 ± 66.17 -14.66 ± 139.32 1.033 (.345) .28 (-.30~.70)
Front Leg
Knee Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 51.84 ± 98.52 76.09 ± 89.07 .645 (.573)
Post 47.03 ± 96.72 76.00 ± 112.16 .387 (.755)
Z (p) .280 (.779) .314 (.753)
Diff (Δ) -4.81 ± 43.91 -.09 ± 132.32 .258 (.852) -.07 (-.58~.48)
Rear Leg
Hip Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 14.54 ± 9.92 12.67 ± 5.99 .387 (.755)
Post 19.51 ± 7.11 14.94 ± 8.78 .904 (.414)
Z (p) 1.680 (.093) 1.153 (.249)
Diff (Δ) 4.97 ± 6.08 2.27 ± 4.62 .904 (.414) .24 (-.33~.68)
Rear Leg
Hip Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 41.49 ± 30.40 43.58 ± 20.87 .129 (.950)
Post 87.02 ± 43.15 58.88 ± 27.62 1.291 (.228)
Z (p) 2.100 (.036)* 1.572 (.116)
Diff (Δ) 45.53 ± 45.53 15.30 ± 22.58 1.678 (.108) .45 (-.11~.79)
Rear Leg
Hip Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre 78.21 ± 34.98 92.38 ± 76.81 .387 (.755)
Post 91.77 ± 28.74 98.14 ± 19.84 1.033 (.345)
Z (p) .700 (.484) .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 13.56 ± 39.41 5.75 ± 59.42 .516 (.662) .14 (-.42~.62)
Rear Leg
Knee Flexion
Angle (°)
Pre 55.76 ± 9.78 56.54 ± 4.67 .904 (.414)
Post 60.84 ± 7.48 55.19 ± 10.79 .516 (.662)
Z (p) 2.100 (.036)* .105 (.917)
Diff (Δ) 5.07 ± 5.70 -.35 ± 10.02 1.033 (.345) .28 (-.30~.70)
Rear Leg
Knee Flexion
Velocity (°/s)
Pre 90.05 ± 22.05 90.69 ± 38.48 .387 (.755)
Post 150.77 ± 40.60 135.38 ± 50.81 .775 (.491)
Z (p) 2.521 (.012)* 1.572 (.116)
Diff (Δ) 60.72 ± 32.05 44.70 ± 62.61 1.162 (.282) .31 (-.26~.72)
Rear Leg
Knee Extension Velocity (°/s)
Pre .77 ± 4.31 1.01 ± 7.99 .904 (.414)
Post 9.56 ± 5.53 5.04 ± 9.35 1.033 (.345)
Z (p) 2.521 (.012)* 1.153 (.249)
Diff (Δ) 8.79 ± 6.10 4.03 ± 7.87 1.162 (.282) .31 (-.26~.72)
All values are presented as Mean ± SD; BFR: Blood Flow Restriction; GLE: General Leg Extension*p < 0.05.