Table 3. Study characteristics and absolute reliability in young and middle-aged adults.
| Author
(Year) |
Age
(yr) |
Sex |
Device |
Interval |
Arm |
HGS
test1 |
HGS
test2 |
MD
(kg) |
%
MD |
| Young
Adults (18-35 years old) |
| Balogun
et al. (1991) |
23.7
(2.4) |
60M |
Harpenden |
within
7 days |
Right |
36.7 (7.7) |
36.2 (7.3) |
4.23 |
11.6 |
| Left |
35.4 (6.7) |
35.0 (6.8) |
4.59 |
13.0 |
| 60W |
Right |
24.1 (5.2) |
24.6 (5.0) |
3.76 |
15.4 |
| Left |
22.1 (4.5) |
22.1 (4.2) |
3.46 |
15.7 |
| Hamilton
et al. (1992) |
23.8
(4.9) |
29W |
Jamar |
7
days |
Right |
63.09
(9.43)* |
69.21
(8.08)* |
9.19 |
13.9 |
| 14
days |
63.09
(9.43)* |
66.23
(10.50)* |
11.55 |
17.9 |
| Gerodimos
(2012) |
26.06
(5.57) |
30M
[BB] |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Preferred |
66.49 (9.33) |
66.71 (9.68) |
4.57 |
6.9 |
| Non-preferred |
65.68 (9.16) |
65.95 (9.26) |
4.06 |
6.2 |
| Savva
et al. (2013) |
21~26 |
10M
9W |
Jamar |
7
days |
Dominant |
35.6
(12.1) |
36.2
(12.7) |
6.45 |
18.0 |
| Petersen
et al. (2015) |
25(2) |
8M |
Takei |
7
days |
Right |
50.8 (10.6) |
(pooled) |
5.43 |
10.7 |
| Left |
48.0 (10.7) |
(pooled) |
6.93 |
14.4 |
| Karatrantou
et al. (2020) |
18.5
(3.4) |
14M
6W |
Jamar |
3
days |
Preferred |
40.45
(8.70) |
40.65
(8.80) |
2.66 |
6.6 |
| Non-preferred |
39.85
(9.42) |
40.00
(8.81) |
4.80 |
12.0 |
| Boshnjaku
et al. (2021) |
22.6 (3.7) |
31M 26W |
Jamar |
7-97 days |
Dominant |
41.5 (10.7) |
42.3 (11.0) |
5.29 |
12.6 |
| Venegas-Carro
et al. (2022) |
24.2
(2.2) |
10M
7W |
Jamar |
7
days |
Preferred |
47.7(12) |
47.9(12) |
3.1 |
6.6 |
| 9
weeks |
47.7(12) |
48.4(14) |
5.7 |
11.8 |
| Gil
et al. (2022) |
22.7
(2.8) |
6M
6W |
Straingauge |
7
days |
Right |
35.0 (9.8) |
35.8 (10.1) |
4.78 |
13.5 |
| Left |
33.0 (8.9) |
34.0 (9.0) |
3.51 |
10.5 |
| Cildan
Uysal et al. (2022) |
22.32
(0.79) |
19M
31W |
K-Force
Grip |
48
hours |
Right
(standing) |
25.92
(8.49) |
25.86
(8.38) |
2.68 |
10.4 |
| Left
(standing) |
23.98
(8.01) |
23.75
(7.3) |
3.22 |
13.5 |
| Right
(sitting) |
25.67
(8.36) |
25.58
(8.25) |
2.84 |
11.1 |
| Left
(sitting) |
23.69
(7.43) |
23.64
(7.45) |
3.32 |
14.0 |
| Biasini et
al. (2023) |
24.4 (1.4) |
10M 10W |
JTECH |
2-5 days |
Dominant |
45.4 (13.7) |
44.4 (13.7) |
6.90 |
15.4 |
| Maurya
et al. (2023) |
21(3) |
20W |
Dynamo
Torque Analyzer |
2-7
days |
Dominant |
18.8
(4.5) |
18.2
(4.6) |
3.37 |
18.2 |
| Leszczak
et al. (2024) |
22.2
(1.46) |
44M
78W |
Biometrics
E-Link EP9 |
2
weeks |
Right (rater
#1) |
35.36 (11.69) |
35.44 (11.77) |
2.16 |
6.1 |
| Left (rater
#1) |
30.47 (9.89) |
30.50 (9.81) |
1.65 |
5.4 |
| Right (rater
#2) |
35.58 (11.66) |
35.72 (11.70) |
2.08 |
5.8 |
| Left (rater
#2) |
30.06 (9.87) |
30.01 (9.68) |
1.98 |
6.6 |
| Young
and Middle-aged Adults |
| Walamies
& Turjanmaa (1993) |
23-49 |
13M 27W |
Straingauge |
1-2 months |
Dominant |
36.9 (11.2) |
37.5 (11.2) |
4.39 |
11.8 |
| Essendrop
et al. (2001) |
35 (6.9) |
6M 13W |
Jamar |
7 days |
Right |
39.8 (10.2) |
41.5 (10.5) |
4.00 |
9.8 |
| Tan et al.
(2001) |
34.3 (8.2) |
12M, 9W
[BL] |
Takei |
24 hours |
Bowling
hand |
38.2 (8.8) |
37.4 (7.9) |
6.45 |
17.1 |
| Ward
& Adams (2007) |
19~47 |
9M
21W |
Jamar |
24
hours |
Dominant |
32.77
(10.43) |
32.2
(9.85) |
6.70 |
20.6 |
| Non-dominant |
30.79
(9.69) |
29.94
(8.47) |
6.53 |
21.5 |
| MIE |
Dominant |
30.02
(8.17) |
28.47
(8.91) |
6.88 |
23.5 |
| Non-dominant |
27.56
(8.13) |
27.55
(8.23) |
5.76 |
20.9 |
| Lafayette |
Dominant |
29.41
(12.04) |
28.11
(12.38) |
9.37 |
32.6 |
| Non-dominant |
27.84
(10.97) |
26.11
(10.69) |
7.61 |
28.2 |
| Abe et al.
(2018) |
54(6) |
9M 9W |
Takei |
24 hours |
Right |
40.1 (10.9) |
38.7 (11.4) |
3.97 |
10.1 |
| Abe
et al. (2019) |
46.4
(13.2) |
10M
10W |
Takei |
24
hours |
Right |
39.5
(10.8) |
38.5
(10.8) |
3.5 |
8.9 |
| Jamar |
42.6
(12.8) |
41.5
(12.8) |
4.6 |
10.9 |
| Beauchamp
et al. (2021) |
58(4) |
18M 30W |
NR |
7 days |
Dominant |
36.65 (12.63) |
37.56 (12.84) |
6.07 |
16.4 |
| Young,
Middle-age and Older Adults |
| Tsang
et al. (2005) |
37.8
(10.9) |
226M
322W |
Jamar |
3
days |
Dominant |
36.2 (10.4) |
35.7 (10.3) |
6.10 |
17.0 |
| Nondominant |
33.7 (10.0) |
33.3 (10.0) |
6.10 |
18.2 |
| Bohannon
(2006) |
38.0
(15.6) |
14M,
16W |
MicroFET |
24
hours |
Right |
44.1
(15.3) |
44.3
(16.1) |
5.85 |
13.2 |
| Left |
42.2
(14.1) |
41.8
(14.7) |
4.79 |
11.4 |
| Bohannon
et al. (2011) |
45.7
(23.5) |
14M,
14W |
Jamar |
4-10
days |
Right |
38.2 (10.0) |
38.8 (10.8) |
6.94 |
15.3 |
| Left |
35.9 (9.8) |
36.5 (10.2) |
5.88 |
19.2 |
| Plant
et al. (2016) |
(23-67) |
10M
15W |
JTECH
(Manual) |
11.3
(10.6) weeks |
NR |
27.5
(9.6) |
26.7
(8.9) |
5.32 |
19.6 |
| JTECH
(Electronic) |
28.4
(10.2) |
27.9
(9.4) |
5.66 |
20.1 |
| Kieser et
al. (2025) |
48.0 (20.2) |
39M 61W |
Biopac |
2-10 days |
Max value
of both hands |
26.9 (9.7) |
27.1 (9.6) |
4.63 |
17.1 |
B, boys; G, girls; M, men; W, women; Avg, average; NR, not reported; MD, minimal difference; %MD, percentage of a minimal difference to the measured value; HGS, handgrip strength (unit in kilograms); BB, basketball players; BL, 10-pin bowlers.*The unit of measured grip strength was pounds per square inch. Thus, this study was not included in the minimal differences (MD) analysis.
