Effects of High Intensity Interval Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Aerobic Performance and Exercise-Induced Motor Performance Fatigue in Young Biathletes

Table 3. Changes in cytokines before (pre) and after (post) 3 weeks exercise training in normoxia (NT) and hypoxia (HT).

Variables		NT, n=12		HT, n=12		Main effects (p-value, ηp²)
Variables		Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Ox	T	Ex	Ox*T	Ox*Ex	T*Ex	OxTEx
IL-6 [pg/mL]	rest	1.7 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.5	1.7 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.3	0.001 (0.642)	0.154 (0.175)	0.000 (0.809)	0.042 (0.324)	0.048 (0.309)	0.003 (0.575)	0.051 (0.304)
IL-6 [pg/mL]	max	2.3 ± 0.3	2.6 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.4*###	0.001 (0.642)	0.154 (0.175)	0.000 (0.809)	0.042 (0.324)	0.048 (0.309)	0.003 (0.575)	0.051 (0.304)
TNF-α [pg/mL]	rest	46.2 ± 13.3	59.5 ± 15.9	51.6 ± 1.2	44.8 ± 15.8	0.013 (0.441)	0.338 (0.084)	0.000 (0.784)	0.009 (0.474)	0.833 (0.248)	0.313 (0.092)	0.577 (0.029)
TNF-α [pg/mL]	max	65.0 ± 21.7	66.6 ± 21.5	69.1 ± 26.0	52.6 ± 21.2##	0.013 (0.441)	0.338 (0.084)	0.000 (0.784)	0.009 (0.474)	0.833 (0.248)	0.313 (0.092)	0.577 (0.029)
TGF-β [ng/mL]	rest	442.3 ± 57.4	426.1 ± 49.2	442.3 ± 50.1	422.1 ± 34.4***###	0.097 (0.230)	0.018 (0.410)	0.001 (0.641)	0.018 (0.410)	0.010 (0.469)	0.142 (0.185)	0.002 (0.410)
TGF-β [ng/mL]	max	504.6 ± 50.0	492.4 ± 51.8	500.5 ± 45.6	450.2 ± 38.2	0.097 (0.230)	0.018 (0.410)	0.001 (0.641)	0.018 (0.410)	0.010 (0.469)	0.142 (0.185)	0.002 (0.410)

IL-6HS-interleukin 6 highly sensitive, TNF-α-tumour necrosis factor alpha; TGF-β-transforming growth factor beta; rest – at baseline; max – immediately after graded exercise test. Ox-oxygen conditions; T-training and Ex-exercise effects. Data are means and SD.*p < 0.05,***p < 0.001 significant differences between post-HT vs. pre-HT;##p < 0.01,###p < 0.001significant differences between post - HT vs. post - NT.