Table 3. Classification of included studies by competition level, tactical context, tactical unit, modeling approach, and measurement approach.
| Author |
Competition
level |
Tactical
context |
Tactical
unit |
Modeling |
Measurement
approach |
| Bourbousson
et al. (2010a) |
Tier 4 |
B |
R |
- |
Q |
| Bourbousson
et al. (2010b) |
Tier 4 |
B |
C |
- |
Q |
| Shortridge
et al. (2014) |
Tier 5 |
O |
I |
M |
S |
| Esteves and
Arede (2015) |
Tier 2 |
O |
C |
- |
Q |
| Esteves et
al. (2016) |
Tier 2 |
O |
C |
- |
Q |
| Franks et
al. (2015) |
Tier 5 |
D |
- |
M |
MX |
| Sampaio et
al. (2014) |
Tier 5 |
O |
I |
M |
S |
| Skinner et
al. (2015) |
Tier 5 |
O |
C |
M |
S |
| Cervone et
al. (2016) |
Tier 5 |
O |
C |
M |
MX |
| Santana et
al. (2019) |
Tier 5 |
O |
R |
- |
Q |
| Manisera
et al. (2019) |
Tier 3 |
B |
C |
M |
MX |
| Daly-Grafstein
and Bornn (2021) |
Tier 5 |
D |
- |
M |
S |
| Santos-Fernandez
et al. (2022) |
Tier 5 |
B |
C |
M |
Q |
| Supola et
al. (2022) |
Tier 5 |
O |
R |
- |
Q |
| Barron et
al. (2025) |
Tier 5 |
B |
R |
M |
Q |
| Jiao et al.
(2025) |
Tier 5 |
O |
I |
- |
S |
Participant competition levels are categorized based on the Participant Classification Framework (McKay et al., 2021): Tier 5 (World Class): Athletes from top global leagues (e.g., NBA) or Olympic/World Championship medalists, representing the highest competitive level; Tier 4 (Elite/International Level): Athletes from international professional leagues (e.g., French professional basketball league) or national team members; Tier 3 (Highly Trained/National Level): Athletes from national domestic leagues (e.g., Italian Serie C) or NCAA Division II/III programs; Tier 2 (Trained/Developmental): Youth competitive athletes (e.g., U14 championship participants) with regular sport-specific training and local/regional competition experience. Abbreviations: O = offensive; D = defensive; B = both; I = individual; R = interactional; C = collective; M = modeling study; – = not applicable; S = state-based; Q = sequence-based; MX = mixed.
