Table 3. Body composition before and after the intervention.

	Group	Pre-test	Post-test	Mean Change (95% CI)	P (within)	Between-group differences at Post-test	P (between)	Cohen's d
Body mass (kg)	Control	66.11 ± 6.67	66.37 ± 6.52	0.26 (-0.37, 0.89)	0.415	Control vs 40% AOP: 0.63 (-0.63, 1.89)	0.315	0.63
	40% AOP	62.98 ± 5.32	62.68 ± 5.21	-0.30 (-0.75, 0.15)	0.185	Control vs 60% AOP: -0.35 (-1.23, 0.53)	0.452	0.24
	60% AOP	65.39 ± 4.52	65.05 ± 4.48	-0.34 (-0.93, 0.25)	0.248	40% AOP vs 60% AOP: -0.05 (-0.83, 0.73)	0.918	0.48
Body fat (%)	Control	11.16 ± 1.33	11.05 ± 1.30	-0.11 (-0.28, 0.06)	0.124	Control vs 40% AOP: 0.58 (-0.22, 1.38)	0.142	0.57
	40% AOP	10.66 ± 1.89	10.16 ± 1.82	-0.50 (-1.16, 0.16)	0.158	Control vs 60% AOP: -0.55 (-1.16, 0.06)	0.082	1.68
	60% AOP	9.59 ± 1.33	8.91 ± 1.25	-0.68 (-1.57, 0.21)	0.185	40% AOP vs 60% AOP: -0.19 (-1.10, 0.72)	0.695	0.79
Lower- limb muscle mass (kg)	Control	19.28 ± 1.87	19.44 ± 1.82	0.16 (-0.13, 0.45)	0.069	Control vs 40% AOP: 0.38 (-0.70, 1.46)	0.412	0.37
	40% AOP	18.26 ± 1.68	18.81 ± 1.62	0.55 (0.13, 0.97)*	0.010	Control vs 60% AOP: 1.48 (0.40, 2.56)†	0.008	0.78
	60% AOP	20.11 ± 2.05	20.94 ± 2.01	0.83 (0.37, 1.29)*	< 0.001	40% AOP vs 60% AOP: 0.98 (-0.06, 2.02)	0.062	1.17

Data are presented as mean ± SD. *Significant difference compared with pre-test (P < 0.05). †Significantly greater than the control group at post-test (P < 0.05). Mean change = post-test value minus pre-test value. Cohen’s d values are for between-group pairwise comparisons.