Table 4. Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) and inferential comparisons between groups.
|
STCT (n
= 53) |
ST (n =
22) |
AT (n =
41) |
ATCT (n
= 34) |
| MOCA
(A.U.) |
Pre |
20.2 ±
5.4 |
22.1 ±
2.7 |
23.2 ±
2.2 |
24.1 ±
2.6 |
| Post |
24.1
± 4.5 |
23.9
± 3.9 |
25.7
± 2.1 |
26.1
± 2.7 |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
19.3 |
8.1 |
10.8 |
8.3 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.788 |
p
= 0.003 | d = 0.545 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 1.134 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.755 |
| Chair
stand test (n) |
Pre |
18.1 ±
5.4 |
18.1 ±
5.0 |
15.1 ±
2.8 |
16.1 ±
3.7 |
| Post |
21.7
± 5.0 |
21.9
± 5.6 |
19.5
± 4.4 |
19.1
± 4.6 |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
19.9 |
21.0 |
29.1 |
18.6 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.692 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.717 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 1.222 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.723 |
| Arm
curl test (n) |
Pre |
18.5 ±
6.1 |
19.4 ±
4.8 |
18.7 ±
4.5 |
22.3 ±
4.0 |
| Post |
21.6
± 6.1 c |
22.6
± 4.9 c |
26.1
± 6.8 a,b,d |
22.7
± 5.5 c |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
16.8 |
16.5 |
39.6 |
1.8 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.508 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.660 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 1.310 |
p
= 0.204 | d = 0.084 |
| 2-min
Step Test (n) |
Pre |
76.1 ±
14.7 |
- |
97.7 ±
34.5 |
92.1 ±
19.5 |
| Post |
81.4
± 13.6 c |
- |
117.9
± 44.7 a |
106.6
± 19.1 |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
7.0 |
- |
20.7 |
15.7 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
= 0.265 | d = 0.375 |
- |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.510 |
p
= 0.060 | d = 0.751 |
| Chair
sit-and-reach (cm) |
Pre |
9.3 ±
11.7 |
0.7 ±
4.2 |
10.5 ±
8.7 |
3.9 ±
11.7 |
| Post |
12.2
± 10.1 c |
3.6
± 5.4 |
10.8
± 7.9 a,d |
1.5
± 10.3 c |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
31.2 |
414.3 |
2.9 |
-61.5 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.266 |
p
= 0.710 | d = 0.604 |
p
= 0.127| d = 0.036 |
p
= 0.002 | d = 0.218 |
| Back
and scratch test (cm) |
Pre |
-6.2 ±
10.1 |
-9.5 ±
6.0 |
-3.0 ±
8.7 |
-4.6 ±
9.7 |
| Post |
-2.9
± 10.6 d |
-6.5
± 6.1 d |
-0.8
± 8.1 d |
3.9
± 9.2 a,b,c |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
-53.2 |
-31.6 |
-73.3 |
-184.8 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
= 0.001 | d = 0.319 |
p
= 0.256 | d = 0.496 |
p
= 0.006 | d = 0.262 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.899 |
8-foot
up
and go test (s) |
Pre |
6.4 ±
2.2 |
5.4 ±
0.9 |
5.5 ±
1.1 |
5.7 ±
0.9 |
| Post |
5.3
± 1.6 c |
4.8
± 0.7 c |
5.5
± 1.2 a,b,d |
5.0
± 1.0 c |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
-17.2 |
-11.1 |
0.0 |
-12.3 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.579 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.750 |
p
= 0.168 | d < 0.001 |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.737 |
| 6-minute
walk test (m) |
Pre |
522.5 ±
69.2 |
535.2 ±
84.6 |
- |
469.5 ±
73.2 |
| Post |
547.5
± 72.3 d |
531.0
± 70.0 d |
- |
557.9
± 83.8 a,b |
| Post-pre
difference (%) |
4.8 |
-0.8 |
- |
18.8 |
| p-value
| d (within-group) |
p
< 0.001 | d = 0.353 |
p
= 0.769 | d = 0.051 |
- |
p
< 0.001 | d = 1.126 |
STCT: strength and cognitive training; ST: strength training; AT: aerobic training; ATCT: aerobic and cognitive training; a: significantly different from STCT (p<0.05); b: significantly different from ST (p<0.05); c: significantly different from AT (p<0.05); d: significantly different from ATCT (p<0.05).
