Table 4. QualSyst results for the studies.
No Item Detailed quality assessment: Yes = 2; Particular = 1; No = 0; Not applicable = NA
Abbott et al (2019) Arede et al (2024) Lüdin et al (2022) Romann et al (2020) Towlson et al (2021a) Towlson et al (2021b) Salter et al (2023) King et al (2025) Salter et al (2025) Towlson et al (2022) Robinson et al (2025) De Macedo et al (2025) Barrett et al (2022)
1 Question /objective is sufficiently described? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 Study design is evident and appropriate? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 Method of subject/comparison group selection or source of information/input variables is described and appropriate? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 Subject (and comparison group, if applicable) characteristics are sufficiently described? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 If interventional and random allocation was possible, was it described? 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 2 2
6 If interventional and blinding of investigators was possible, was it reported? 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
7 If interventional and blinding of subjects was possible, was it reported? NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
8 Outcome(s) and (if applicable) exposure measure(s) is/are well defined and robust to measurement/misclassification bias? Means of assessment are reported? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 Sample size is appropriate? 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
10 Analytic methods are described/justified and appropriate? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
11 Some estimate of variance is reported for the main results? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 Controlled for confounding? 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1
13 Results reported in sufficient detail? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
14 Conclusions supported by the results? 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Summary score (total sum / total possible sum) 0.77 0.81 0.92 0.81 0.81 0.88 0.85 0.88 0.81 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.92