1University of Rouen Normandie, Centre d’Etude des Transformations des Activités Physiques et Sportives (CETAPS, UR3832), Rouen, France 2Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France 3Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LIBM, Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Sciences (UR 7424), Villeurbanne, France 4Université d’Orléans, SAPRÉM, Orléans, France 5LHSV, ENPC, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, EDF R&D, Chatou, France 6Fédération Française de Triathlon, Saint-Denis La plaine, France 7Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France 8Fédération Française Handisport, Paris, France
Ludovic Seifert ✉ CETAPS UR3832, Univ. Rouen Normandie, Boulevard Siegfried, Building 36A, F-76000 Rouen, France Email: ludovic.seifert@univ-rouen.fr
Received: 29-10-2025 -- Accepted: 11-12-2025 Published (online): 01-03-2026
ABSTRACT
The 2024 Paris Paralympic triathlon required swimming with and against the current which requested to adapt stroke mechanics. To understand how a Paralympic triathlete champion might adapt his stroke mechanics under varying current conditions, this study aimed to 1) determine the range and optimal stroke rate (SR) and index of coordination (IdC); 2) examine the flexibility of SR, IdC and associated total energy expenditure. The para triathlete performed two front crawl tests: 10 times 25m incremented in swimming speed (S), from which S-SR and S-IdC relationships have been modelled to detect two regimes of functioning and the most effective SR; then, 6 times 50 m at the speed of the 800 m freestyle using 6 different SR conditions: spontaneous SR (SRs), SRs imposed by tempo trainer, SRs+3, SRs+6, SRs-3 and SRs-6 cycles. Total energy expenditure was computed from post-exercise oxygen uptake and blood lactate measurements. In test 1, the highest effective SR equals 44 cycle.min-1, which corresponds to the preferred SR in 800 m freestyle competition. In test 2, the para triathlete struggled to perform the high SR conditions, which was associated to higher total energy expenditure; conversely, the para triathlete naturally decreased SR. It is advised to modulate SR around the preferred SR to optimise efficiency under varying current conditions.
Key words:
Para swimming, kinematics, biomechanics, motor control, energetic
Key Points
In the 10 x 25 m test, the para triathlete displayed high and constant SI at low paces suggesting that he could effectively adapt his SR and his arm coordination pattern to swim with the current.
At high paces, he started losing effectiveness of SR beyond his preferred SR of 44 cycle.min.
In the 6 x 50 m test modulated in SR, high SR conditions were difficult to achieve and were associated to higher total energy expenditure and higher jerk cost than lower SR conditions.
Training various SR conditions around the preferred SR allow to functionally adapt arm coordination pattern to favour potential transfer when confronted to the current in ecological context of competition.
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Stroke Rate and Arm Coordination Management in Swimming in A Double Paralympic Triathlete Champion