 |
|
|
Effect |
Authors |
|
|
|
Decrease in number of cardiomyocytes |
Olivetti et al., 1991 |
|
Hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes |
Olivetti et al., 1991 |
|
Decrease in number of pacemaker cells |
Davies et al., 1976 |
|
Increase in amount of connective tissue |
Lakatta, 1987 |
|
Concentric and eccentric hypertrophy of cardiac muscle |
Lakatta, 1987 |
| Conversion of the contractile proteins of cardiomyocytes to slower isoforms |
Holubarsch et al., 1985 |
|
Prolongation of calcium activation |
Lakatta, 1987 |
|
Prolongation of depolarization of cardiomyocytes |
Lakatta, 1987 |
|
Decrease in responsiveness of pacemaker cells to β- adrenergic stimuli |
Folkow and Svanborg, 1993 |
|
Loss of Purkinje cells |
Fleg, 1986 |
|
Decrease in maximal heart rate |
Folkow and Svanborg, 1993 |
|
Increase in supraventricular arrhythmia |
Garcia et al., 1992 |
|
Increase in ventricular arrhythmia |
Garcia et al., 1992 |
|
Increase in diastolic volume |
Gerstenblith et al., 1977 |
|
Decrease in cardiac ejection fraction |
Fleg et al., 1993 |
|
Increase in cardiac afterload |
O’Rourke, 1990 |
|
Pooling of venous blood |
Fagard et al., 1993 |
| Delayed filling of the atria and ventricles | Fagard et al., 1993 |
|
|
|