1978 |
Duthie et al. |
152 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate, other martial arts (not specified) |
Self-confidence, dominance, autonomy, achievement, … |
Positive among advanced MA |
1980 |
Konzak & Klavora |
84 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate |
General development (personality factors and physical well-being) |
Positive among advanced MA |
1986 |
Richman & Rehberg |
60 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience + performance) |
Karate |
Self-esteem |
Positive among advanced and successful MA‡ |
1986 |
Trulson |
34 |
Youth |
Longitudinal (type of guidance) |
Taekwondo |
Anxiety, self-esteem and social adroitness |
Positive among traditional MA |
1989 |
McGowan & Miller |
107 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of performance) |
Karate |
Angry |
Positive among less successful MA‡ |
1990 |
Layton |
93 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Karate |
Trait and state anxiety |
Positive among advanced MA |
1993 |
Kurian et al. |
30 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Taekwondo |
Anxiety and independence |
Positive among advanced MA |
1994 |
Kurian et al. |
72 |
Youth |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Taekwondo |
Self-reliance and enthusiastic optimism |
Positive among advanced MA |
2003 |
Najafi |
118 |
General |
Cross-sectional (type of guidance) |
Karate |
Humility and overall levels of hope |
Positive among traditional MA |
2004 |
Lakes & Hoyt |
193 |
Youth |
Longitudinal(school-linked program) |
Taekwondo, control |
Cognitive and affective self-regulation, prosocial behavior, classroom conduct, performance on a mental math test |
Positive over time among MA |
2007 |
Kuan & Roy |
40 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of performance) |
Wushu |
Self-confidence and energy control |
Positive among successful MA‡ |
2007 |
Wargo et al. |
40 |
General |
Cross-sectional (level of experience) |
Taekwondo, karate |
Self-esteem |
Neither positive nor negative |
2009 |
Steyn & Roux |
72 |
Youth |
Cross-sectional (comparison different groups) |
Taekwondo,hockey,non-sport group |
Personal growth and self-acceptance |
Positive among MA |