Table 1. Example of the average masses in kilograms used in each subject for a particular movement. Direction E RPO RLF RAO LPO LLF LAO F Average torque (Nm) * 56.2 59.5 59.7 50.5 59.5 58.9 50.5 38.9 Peak mass (kg) 54 57.2 57.4 48.6 57.2 56.6 48.6 37.4 35% Peak mass (kg) 18.9 20.0 20.1 17.0 20.0 19.8 17.0 13.0 The mass was obtained by dividing peak torque adapted by from Oliver and Du Toit () by each subject’s neck length. The mean neck length was 10.6cm. This peak force was divided once more by the gravitational constant to obtain the load used in kilograms. * Presented by Olivier and Du Toit, )