Table 2. The Maximum voluntary muscle contraction on pivot foot of different squat width in pivot throwing motion (%MVC). Data are means (±standard deviation).
Muscle
Phase
Pivot throwing
p-value
Notes
Weight-shift:
p-value
Notes
General-stance
Wide-stance
General-stance
Wide-stance
Pivot foot
GASTRO
Squat *
22.8 (7.3)
35.1 (14.0)
.039
wide>general
29.4 (12.9)
30.1 (11.0)
.818
NS
Ascending
92.2 (10.3)
91.0 (9.8)
.801
NS
102.1 (10.3)
97.1 (23.8)
.435
NS
Stride
93.6 (15.0)
100.5 (16.0)
.360
NS
Acceleration
92.4 (13.7)
83.4 (15.0)
.170
NS
85.8 (16.2)
89.8 (23.3)
.650
NS
Follow through
16.3 (7.8)
12.0 (4.7)
.129
NS
14.2 (5.4)
12.3 (3.3)
.238
NS
TIB ANT
Squat *
51.4 (17.4)
74.0 (16.2)
.005
wide>general
50.2 (16.5)
58.6 (12.8)
.201
NS
Ascending
73.6 (11.8)
75.5 (14.3)
.413
NS
63.3 (8.1)
63.9 (7.8)
.830
NS
Stride
76.4 (7.8)
67.7 (19.8)
.141
NS
Acceleration *
32.7 (13.6)
19.6(11.0)
.024
general>wide
33.2 (9.0)
24.9 (12.0)
.038
general>wide
Follow through
7.8 (6.9)
7.0 (4.0)
.719
NS
10.5 (3.7)
13.1 (8.6)
.252
NS
BIC FEM
Squat *
34.5 (17.0)
71.0 (16.0)
.000
wide>general
74.9 (9.4)
47.7 (15.3)
.001
general>wide
Ascending *
102.2 (28.0)
127.1 (29.8)
.038
wide>general
111.0 (24.0)
70.5 (10.4)
.000
general>wide
Stride
143.0 (19.4)
128.4 (20.7)
.096
general>wide
Acceleration
132.2 (26.1)
141.9 (26.5)
.273
NS
131.0 (15.5)
142.6 (38.4)
.341
NS
Follow through
43.6 (20.3)
42.3 (20.3)
.825
NS
42.3 (16.9)
28.4 (12.7)
.009
wide>general
QUAD
Squat
42.5 (12.2)
42.9 (9.2)
.919
NS
51.7 (15.6)
53.2 (22.0)
.812
NS
Ascending *
43.1 (12.2)
32.9 (4.0)
.030
general>wide
84.9 (16.4)
65.7 (16.9)
.008
general>wide
Stride
53.0 (21.8)
50.6 (22.4)
.690
NS
Acceleration
15.3 (6.0)
19.6 (9.3)
.127
NS
17.6 (11.5)
21.8 (14.3)
.366
NS
Follow through
9.1 (9.8)
7.8 (3.8)
.649
NS
13.8 (5.0)
17.4 (10.9)
.273
NS
Stride foot
GASTRO
Squat *
47.5 (15.9)
74.2 (13.9)
.000
wide>general
64.7 (18.4)
44.4 (15.9)
.008
general>wide
Ascending
112.9 (21.4)
91.4 (24.7)
.069
NS
100.5 (12.5)
100.8 (23.5)
.974
NS
Stride
88.8 (19.1)
99.9 (19.4)
.095
NS
Acceleration
58.2 (18.4)
50.4 (15.3)
.247
NS
74.8 (24.3)
67.2 (29.2)
.454
NS
Follow through
30.2 (9.1)
42.4 (21.6)
.085
NS
50.1 (23.3)
39.4 (6.3)
.136
NS
TIB ANT
Squat *
19.7 (8.3)
48.3 (10.1)
.000
wide>general
44.6 (10.6)
37.2 (6.9)
.107
NS
Ascending *
69.8 (9.6)
45.4 (10.9)
.000
general>wide
52.6 (12.0)
48.1 (17.4)
.507
NS
Stride
44.9 (8.8)
42.6 (12.0)
.571
NS
Acceleration *
57.0 (14.8)
32.9 (14.1)
.002
general>wide
33.8 (13.6)
33.5 (10.0)
.934
NS
Follow through
18.7 (10.5)
18.6 (7.2)
.965
NS
16.6 (4.2)
16.0 (6.1)
.766
NS
BIC FEM
Squat *
87.2 (11.4)
54.9 (8.0)
.000
general>wide
74.4 (19.4)
57.8 (18.0)
.034
general>wide
Ascending *
45.0 (11.6)
41.7 (13.0)
.546
NS
54.6 (15.7)
44.8 (16.8)
.029
general>wide
Stride
36.2 (9.8)
33.1 (12.3)
.362
NS
Acceleration
39.5 (14.6)
29.0 (11.0)
.086
NS
38.0 (11.8)
42.3 (21.2)
.467
NS
Follow through
30.7 (12.8)
28.3 (9.9)
.493
NS
33.3 (12.7)
37.9 (18.9)
.478
NS
QUAD
Squat *
25.6 (5.5)
45.4 (10.2)
.000
wide>general
88.3 (10.7)
37.2 (12.2)
.000
general>wide
Ascending *
94.2 (22.5)
103.8 (22.8)
.170
NS
85.2 (13.3)
67.0 (18.0)
.002
general>wide
Stride
101.9 (25.1)
102.2 (15.3)
.965
NS
Acceleration
117.9 (33.2)
131.2 (33.1)
.184
NS
118.2 (21.6)
110.7 (17.2)
.210
NS
Follow through
20.1 (9.6)
18.2 (4.0)
.527
NS
16.4 (5.2)
16.1 (7.7)
.918
NS
GASTRO = Gastrocnemius; TIB ANT = Tibialis anterior; BIC FEM = Biceps femoris; Quadriceps * p < 0.05; NS: no significant.