Table 2. Means (±standard deviations) of shoulder, elbow, hip, knee and ankle joint angles for both backstroke start variants. Phase Upper limbs horizontally positioned Upper limbs vertically positioned Shoulder (º) 77.86 (14.86) 73.70 (16.10) Elbow (º) 89.08 (26.93) 90.07 (20.82) Hip (º) 57.77 (7.06) 58.64 (15.45) Knee (º) 52.44 (5.34) 53.35 (7.99) Ankle (º) 38.01 (8.97) 44.29 (10.76)