Table 5.
Means (± standard deviation) of relative activation time for each muscle in each starting phase for both backstroke start variants.
Variant
Variable
Phase
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Tibialis Anterior
Gastrocnemius Medialis
Rectus Femoris
Biceps Femoris
Upper limbs horizontally positioned
Active IEMG (%CIVM)
Hands-off
90.63(12.43)
73.47 (23.91)
74.91 (15.48)
53.50 (14.35)
53.71 (17.23)
86.86 (11.76)
Take-off
95.14 (10.28)
72.76 (17.59)
83.77 (15.98)
89.46 (13.41)
86.34 (13.08)
90.68 (12.00)
Flight
95.59 (12.18)
55.39 (20.90)
68.46 (14.55)
79.76 (21.01)
72.42 (19.48)
87.77 (14.52)
Entry
90.84 (19.54)
64.56 (13.22)
65.45 (15.49)
69.22 (21.59)
71.93 (19.88)
88.75 (11.13)
Upper limbs vertically positioned
Hands-off
94.84 (9.87)
64.83 (27.95)
71.29 (19.45)
54.05 (16.60)
50.96 (21.63)
92.86 (7.33)
Take-off
97.51 (3.86)
73.15 (23.71)
84.45 (22.83)
93.31 (6.24)
85.16 (14.87)
94.24 (10.11)
Flight
91.81 (11.35)
52.23 (24.83)
59.70 (26.92)
82.37 (21.59)
73.72 (16.70)
91.12 (11.43)
Entry
91.06 (13.44)
55.82 (27.44)
65.03 (17.99)
75.14 (15.88)
80.13 (15.32)
89.42 (9.17)