| Herbert et al. (1998) |
NR; 54; Male and female; Healthy students |
No injury |
Mental imagery
PG
Mental imagery
PG (8 wks/3 dys) |
-Maximal isometric
contractions (elbow flexor) ↑6.8
↑17.8
-Voluntary grip strength
↑8.9
↑2.1 (NSDG) |
7 |
| Leung et al. (2013) |
18-35; 18; Male and female; Healthy participants |
No injury |
Motor imagery
(3 wks/3 dys) |
↑16 Voluntary strength of
the right biceps brachii |
6 |
| Smith et al. (2007) |
Study 1: 20.37±3.26; 48; Male and female; Healthy student athletes
Study 2: 7-14; 40; Female; Healthy athletes |
No injury |
PETTLEP-based imagery
Traditional imagery
(6 wks/1 dys)
PETTLEP-based imagery
(6 wks/3 dys) |
Field hockey penalty flic
↑15.11
↑5.59
Straight jump on the beam
↑36.36 |
6 |
| Wright and Smith (2009) |
20.74±3.71; 50; NR; Healthy students |
No injury |
PETTLEP imagery
PETTLEP + PP
Traditional imagery
PG (6 wks/2 dys) |
1RM: bicep curl machine
↑23.29
↑28.03
↑13.75
↑26.56 |
6 |
| Slimani and Chéour (2016) |
23.2 ± 3.1; 45; Male; Healthy participants |
No injury |
Mental imagery
PG (10 wks/3 dys) |
↑13.1 1RM bench press
↑16.9 1RM half-squat
↑10.7 1RM bench press
↑8.61RM half-squat |
6 |
| Cupal and Brewer (2001) |
28.2±8.2; 30; Male and female; Patients |
Anterior cruciate ligament |
Relaxation and guided imagery (10 individual sessions over 6 months; Sessions were spaced approximately 2 wks) |
↓35 Knee strength |
6 |
| Lebon et al. (2010) |
19.75±1.72; 22; NR; Healthy students |
Anterior cruciate ligament |
Motor imagery
(4 wks/3 dys) |
↑9 Bench press
↑26 Leg press
Creater muscle activation |
7 |
| Clark et al. (2014) |
Adults; 29; Female; Healthy participants |
Wrist-hand immobilization |
Motor imagery
(4 wks/5 dys)
(Four blocks of 13 imagined contractions each with 1 min of rest between the blocks; Each imagined contraction was 5 s, followed by 5 s of rest) |
Maximal wrist-hand flexion
↓23.8 Loss of strength
↓12.9 Voluntary activation |
8 |
| Clark et al. (2006b) |
21.00±1.41; 18; Male and female; Healthy participants |
Prolonged
unweighting (bed rest) |
Motor imagery
(4 wks/4 dys) |
↓8.5 Plantar flexor |
8 |
| Frenkel et al (2014) |
20-30; 20; Male; Healthy participants |
Immobilzation after distal radial fracture |
Alternation of kinesthetic imagery of the immobilized hand and physical execution of the non-immobilized hand (3 wks (1 × 60 min/ 3 × 30 min) and (7 × 15 min)) |
Reduced loss of dorsal extension and ulnar abduction |
6 |
| Meugnot et al. (2014) |
18-26; 52; Male; Student |
Left-hand immobilization |
Kinesthetic imagery
Visual imagery
(24 h (3 × 5 min each)) |
Slowdown of the left-hand movement simulation
Reactivating the sensorimotor processes
Recovery of motor function |
6 |
| Newsom et al. (2003) |
18-30; 17; Male and female; Injured participants |
Nondominant forearms immobilized |
Immobilization-mental imagery
(10 dys; 3 sessions per day; 5 min) |
↓1.33 Grip strength
↓1.28 Isometric wrist-extension
↓8.18 Isometric wrist-flexion |
7 |
| Stenekes et al. (2009) |
18-65; 28; NR; Patients |
Immobilzation after flexor tendon injuries |
Kinesthetic imagery of finger and wrist extension-flexion (6 wks (8 × 5 min)) |
Reduced increase of one aspect of hand function (preparation time) |
6 |