Table 2. Cycle and pole characteristics of and external power output by the faster (FS) and slower (SS) male (M, n = 41) and female (F, n = 41) skiers on the different inclines during a classical XC race and their interactions with sex and level of performance. |
| Parameter |
Flat (0°) |
Intermediate (3.5°) |
Uphill (7.1°) |
Steep uphill (11°) |
ANOVA |
| F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
Incline |
Incline
x Sex |
Incline
x PERF |
| Cycle velocity (m/s) |
Total |
6.77 (.60)* S P |
4.51 (.53)* S P |
3.23 (.37)* S P |
2.23 (.37)* S P |
F3,72=3869
p<0.001 |
F3,72=26
p<0.001 |
NS |
| FS |
6.30 (.23) |
7.42 (.18) |
4.26 (.20) |
5.13 (.21) |
3.09 (.17) |
3.66 (.16) |
2.23 (.25) |
2.66 (.29) |
| SS |
6.03 (.35) |
6.86 (.32) |
3.82 (.31) |
4.63 (.23) |
2.73 (.16) |
3.31 (.18) |
1.89 (.14) |
2.09 (.26) |
| Cycle rate (Hz) |
Total |
.96 (.08)* S |
.91 (.10)* |
1.01 (.08)* S |
1.12 (.07)* S P |
F3,72=168
p<0.001 |
NS |
NS |
| FS |
1.00 (.09) |
.93 (.05) |
.92 (.10) |
.92 (.11) |
1.06 (.09) |
.99 (.08) |
1.18 (.07) |
1.10 (.06) |
| SS |
.97 (.09) |
.92 (.04) |
.90 (.07) |
.90 (.10) |
1.03 (.07) |
.97 (.04) |
1.12 (.04) |
1.09 (.05) |
| Cycle length (m) |
Total |
7.05 (.92)* S |
4.96 (.73)* S P |
3.20 (.46 )* S P |
1.99 (.35)* S P |
F3,72=2683
p<0.001 |
F3,72=33
p<0.001 |
NS |
| FS |
6.33 (.62) |
8.00 (.48) |
4.66 (.48) |
5.63 (.60) |
2.92 (.21) |
3.72 (.27) |
1.89 (.19) |
2.41 (.31) |
| SS |
6.25 (.62) |
7.46 (.48) |
4.24 (.33) |
5.21 (.59) |
2.68 (.25) |
3.40 (.21) |
1.69 (.13) |
1.93 (.25) |
| Absolute poling time (s) |
Total |
.27 (.02)*P |
.42 (.06)*S |
.47 (.03)† P |
.47 (.04)† P |
F3,72=1090
p<0.001 |
F3,72=2.7
p=0.051 |
F3,72=5.3
p=0.002 |
| FS |
.27 (.01) |
.27 (.02) |
.44 (.09) |
.39 (.04) |
.45 (.03) |
.45 (.03) |
.44 (.04) |
.46 (.04) |
| SS |
.29 (.02) |
.28 (.02) |
.44 (.03) |
.41 (.03) |
.49 (.04) |
.47 (.02) |
.51 (.03) |
.48 (.03) |
| Absolute pole swing time (s) |
Total |
.78 (.08)* S |
.71 (.11)* |
.53 (.06)* S |
.42 (.04)* S |
F3,72=656
p<0.001 |
NS |
NS |
| FS |
.74 (.09) |
.82 (.06) |
.69 (.14) |
.73 (.11) |
.51 (.06) |
.57 (.07) |
.40 (.03) |
.45 (.04) |
| SS |
.75 (.08) |
.82 (.05) |
.70 (.08) |
.73 (.11) |
.49 (.06) |
.56 (.04) |
.39 (.03) |
.44 (.04) |
| Relative pole swing time (%) |
Total |
74.0 (2.4)* S P |
63.0 (5.4)* S |
53.3 (3.3)* S P |
47.1 (3.7)* S P |
F3,72=1776
p<0.001 |
NS |
F3,72=3.6
p=0.018 |
| FS |
73.1 (2.4) |
75.4 (1.7) |
61.0 (8.8) |
65.4 (2.6) |
53.0 (2.3) |
55.5 (3.2) |
47.4 (3.3) |
49.5 (3.2) |
| SS |
72.3 (2.9) |
75.0 (1.3) |
61.4 (3.0) |
64.1 (3.1) |
49.7 (2.5) |
54.3 (2.4) |
43.2 (3.0) |
47.8 (2.4) |
| External power output (W) |
Total |
230(50)* S P |
310(77)* S P |
329(74)* S P |
387(100)* S P |
F3,72=440
p<0.001 |
F3,72=23
p<0.001 |
F3,72=10.2
p<0.001 |
| FS |
189(17) |
292(14) |
251(25) |
400(39) |
275(29) |
415(26) |
324(50) |
515(44) |
| SS |
181(23) |
253(24) |
231(32) |
349(30) |
251(32) |
366(35) |
283(38) |
409(38) |
|
Total: all FS and SS men and women combined; All values presented are means (±SD). NS = not significant, PERF = Performance |
* significantly different from all other inclines |
† significantly different from 0° and 3.5° |
S significant differences between women and men on the same incline |
P significant differences between FS and SS on the same incline |
|