Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of included studies with rhythmic gymnasts. |
Study |
Participants |
Training |
Data source |
Measured areas |
Outcome |
QA |
Number |
Sex |
Age (yrs) |
Tanner stage |
History (yrs) |
Volume (hours/week) |
Parm et al. (2011b) |
RG (46) UC (43) |
F F |
8.0±0.6 8.2±0.6 |
I I |
1-3 |
6-12 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. |
RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
Jürimäe et al. (2016*) |
RG (32) UC (32) |
F F |
10.0±0.6 10.1±0.5 |
32/0/0/0/0 12/14/6/0/0 |
≥4 |
10-12 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. |
RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
Vicente-Rodriguez et al. (2007) |
RG (13) UC (13) |
F F |
10.4±0.7 9.9±0.7 |
3/10/0/0/0 2/11/0/0/0 |
3.3±1.2 |
15 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm. |
RG had higher FN aBMD and FN BMC compared to UC |
4/7 |
Võsoberg et al. ((2016) |
RG (35) UC (33) |
F F |
10.9±0.6 11.2±0.5 |
8/23/4/0/0 4/15/10/4/0 |
≥5 |
6-14 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck. |
RG had higher WB aBMD, LS aBMD, FN aBMD and WB BMC compared to UC |
4/7 |
Tournis et al. (2010*) |
RG (26) UC (23) |
F F |
11.3±0.2 10.9±0.1 |
10/13/3/0/0 7/12/4/0/0 |
4.3±0.3 |
≥24 |
pQCT |
Distal tibia. |
RG had higher cortical and trabecular BMC, and trabecular vBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
Maimoun et al. (2013a*) |
RG (20) UC (20) |
F F |
13.8±2.2 13.7±2.0 |
3/7/3/0/7 2/3/3/1/11 |
≥5 |
21.4±4.4 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral region, radius. |
RG had higher FN aBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
Courteix et al. (2007*) |
RG (36) UC (20) |
F F |
13.4±1.8 12.5±1.7 |
I-V |
N/A |
18.1±3.3 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine |
RG had higher WB aBMD and LS aBMD compared to UC |
5/7 |
Maimoun et al. (2013b*) |
RG (24) UC (24) |
F F |
13.9±1.7 14.4±1.8 |
4/4/6/4/6 1/1/2/2/18 |
6.8±1.3 |
23.0±2.7 |
DXA |
Whole body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm |
RG had higher WB aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC |
5/7 |
Gruodyte et al. (2010a) |
RG (23) UC (33) |
F F |
14.3±1.0 14.2±1.1 |
0/1/7/11/4 0/1/5/23/4 |
6.5±1.8 |
9.6±4.9 |
DXA |
Lumbar spine, femoral neck |
RG had higher LS aBMD and FN aBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
Munoz et al. (2004*) |
RG (9) UC (14) |
F F |
16.2±2.0 16.9±1.0 |
V V |
≥5 |
≥20 |
DXA |
Lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm |
RG had higher FN aBMD and lower FA aBMD compared to UC |
4/7 |
|
Tanner stage: when presented by Roman numbers, it represents what Tanner stages participants were, without specifying the number of participants in each Tanner stage; when presented by Arabic numbers, it represents the number of participants in each Tanner stage acoordingly: I/II/III/IV/V. |
* These studies have also measured bone turnover values. aBMD areal bone mineral density, BA bone area, BMC bone mineral content, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, F female, FN femoral neck, FA forearm, LS lumbar spine, M male, N/A not available, pQCT peripheral quantitative computed tomography, QA quality assessment, RG rhythmic gymnasts, UC untrained controls, vBMD volumetric bone mineral density, WB whole body. |
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