Table 3. Intervention characteristics of the selected studies. |
Study |
Design |
Type of exercise test |
Supplementation |
Diet control |
Measurement Time-points |
Performance markers |
Muscle damage markers |
Inflammatory & oxidative stress markers |
Arent et al., 2010 |
Blinded, placebo-controlled |
Graded maximal treadmill test to exhaustion |
Resurgex PlusĀ® vs Isocaloric placebo |
3-day dietary recall, prior to trials |
Before & after treadmill test, at the beginning & end of preseason |
Lactate threshold, VO2max, time to exhaustion |
CK |
8-isoprostane, lipid hydroperoxide |
Betts et al., 2009 |
Single-blind, repeated measures crossover |
90min of high-intensity intermittent shuttle-running |
CHO vs CHO+PRO |
2-day dietary recall, prior to trials & 1-day dietary recall post exercise |
At baseline and 4h, 24h, 48h & 168h after exercise |
Peak isometric torque-flexors & extensors |
Myoglobin, CK, LDH, cortisol |
IL-6, IL10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, CRP, WBC |
Cockburn et al., 2013 |
Blinded, repeated measures parallel |
Unilateral knee flexions (6 sets x 10 reps, 1.05 rad/s-1, 90-s rest) on isokinetic dynamometer |
Semi-skimmed milk vs water |
Diet recorded throughout the study |
At baseline and 24h, 48h and 72h post-exercise |
CMV jump height, reactive strength index, 15-m sprint, agility, LIST |
Passive & active DOMS, CK, myoglobin |
N/A |
Gentle et al., 2014 |
Randomized cross-over |
87-min basketball game stimulation |
CHO meal vs CHO+PRO meal |
Diet recorded 24 hours prior to the first trial |
At baseline, during as well as 30 min and 24h post-exercise |
Free throw success, sprint time, jump height |
Passive & active DOMS, CK |
N/A |
Gilson et al., 2010 |
Double-blind, randomized cross-over |
4-day soccer training period, with increased training duration |
CHO vs Low-fat chocolate milk |
Diet recorded during the 4-day training period |
At baseline, day 2 and day 4 post-ITD training period |
MVC, T-drill test, vertical jump |
Muscle soreness, CK, myoglobin, |
N/A |
Gunnarsson et al., 2013 |
Two-group repeated measures |
A competitive soccer match |
Normal diet vs high carbohydrate-high protein diet |
Recorded over 48h post-match |
At baseline and 15 min, 24h and 48h after the match |
N/A |
CK, myoglobin, muscle glycogen resynthesis |
N/A |
Highton et al., 2013 |
Double-blind, randomized cross-over |
Modified LIST |
CHO vs CHO+PRO |
2-day dietary recall, prior to trials |
At baseline, during and immediately after LIST |
Distance covered, maximal speed & average running speed during LIST |
N/A |
N/A |
Naclerio et al., 2014 |
Double-blind, single group repeated measures |
90-min intermittent repeated sprint test |
PLA vs CHO vs CHO+PRO multi-ingredient |
3-day dietary recall, prior to trials |
At baseline, immediately post, 1h and 24h post-exercise |
Total sprint time, 15-m sprint time |
CK, myoglobin |
IL-6 |
Naclerio et al., 2015 |
Double-blind, repeated measures, counter-balanced, crossover |
90-min intermittent repeated sprint (IRS) test |
PLA vs CHO vs CHO+PRO multi-ingredient |
3-day dietary recall, prior to trials |
At baseline, immediately post, 1h and 24h post-exercise |
Time for 90-min IRS, 15-m sprint test |
Myoglobin, CK, |
IL-6, Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocyte |
Poulios et al., 2018 |
Randomized, repeated-measures, crossover, double-blind |
Two-trial (2 weeks), 2 soccer matches & 4 practices /week |
Milk Protein Smooth (PRO) vs isoenergetic placebo (maltodextrin) |
Diet recorded Prior to each trial (RMR, REE) 7-day dietary recall during both trials |
At baseline, immediately post, 24h, 48h, 72h post -1st match, 24h, 48h, 72h post-2nd match for blood, At baseline 24h, 48h post -1st match, 24h, 48h, 72h post-2nd match for performance testing |
10-m sprint(s), 30-m sprint (s), CMJ (cm), KE strength, KF strength GPS: Average HR, Total distance, Distance at >14 km/h, Peak speed (km/h), Accelerations, Decelerations |
CK, DOMS |
WBC, Granulocyte, TBARS, PC, GSH, TAC |
|
CK: Creatine kinase, LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase, CHO: Carbohydrate, PRO: Protein, DOMS: Delayed onset of muscle soreness, LIST: Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test, HR: Heart rate, RPE: Ratings of perceived exertion, MVC: Maximal voluntary contraction, PLA: Placebo, RMR: Resting Metabolic Rate, TDEE: Total Daily Energy Expenditure, KE: Knee extensors, KF: Knee Flexors, WBC: White blood, cells, GSH: Reduced glutathione, TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, PC: Protein carbonyls, TAC: Total antioxidant capacity, GPS: global positioning system. |
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