Baltich et al. (2015) |
1. Asker C40 (Soft) 2. Asker C52 (Medium) 3. Asker C65 (Hard) |
3.33 ± 0.15 |
93, M=47, F=46, rearfoot striker Group1:16-20yr Group2:21-35yr Group3:36-60yr Group4:61-75 yr |
30-m overground running |
Soft ↑ ankle stiffness than Medium & Hard; Female Soft ↑ knee stiffness than Medium&Hard; Male Soft ↑ knee stiffness than Medium |
Soft ↑ vGRF impact peak than Medium & Hard |
6 |
Chambon et al. (2014) |
1. Barefoot (BF) 2. 0-mm midsole (MT0) 3. 2-mm midsole (MT2) 4. 4-mm midsole (MT4) 5. 8-mm midsole (MT8) 6. 16-mm midsole (MT16) |
3.3 |
15, M, 23.9, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
BF & MT0 ↓ stance-phase duration than MT16; BF ↑ initial plantarflexion than shoe condition; BF ↑ strike index than shoe condition; BF ↑ ankle dorsiflexion but ↓ knee flexion during stance; BF ↓ max knee joint moments than MT0 & MT4; → hip & knee flexion angles at TD. |
→ peak GRF impact, peak tibial acceleration. |
6 |
Dixon et al., (2015) |
1. A neutral shoe with an average hardness of 52 Asker C (CON); 2. Medially-52 Asker C lateral -60 Asker C (LAT1); 3. Medially-52 Asker C lateral -70 Asker C (LAT2); |
3 |
10, F, >50 years, NA |
Overground running |
LAT1 ↓adduction movement than CON |
LAT2↑ max 1st loading rate & eversion movement than CON; → peak knee abductor moment and peak rearfoot eversion. |
6 |
Hardin & Hamill, (2002) |
1. Shore A40 (Soft) 2. Shore A55 midsole (Medium) 3. Shore A70 midsole (Hard) |
3.4 |
24, M, NA, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill downhill running |
→ peak tibial acceleration. |
NA |
6 |
Hardin et al., (2004) |
1. Shore A40 midsole (Soft) 2. Shore A70 midsole (Hard) |
3.4 |
12, M, NA, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Hard midsole ↑ peak ankle dorsiflexion velocity. |
NA |
6 |
Law et al. (2018) |
1.1-mm midsole thickness (MT1) 2.5-mm midsole thickness (MT5) 3.9-mm midsole thickness (MT9) 4.21-mm midsole thickness (MT21) 5.25-mm midsole thickness (MT25) 29-mm midsole thickness (MT29); |
Self-paced |
15, M, 31.4, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Thinner midsole (MT1 & MT5) ↓ contact time than MT25 & MT29; → footstrike angle, cadence & stride length. |
Thinner midsole (MT1 & MT5) ↑ vertical loading rates than (MT25 & MT29). |
6 |
Maclean, Davis, & Hamill, (2009) |
1.Asker C70 midsole (Hard) 2.Asker C55 midsole (Medium) 3.Asker C40 (Soft) |
4.0 ± 5% |
12, F, 19-35, Rearfoot striker with iliotibial band or patellofemoral pain syndrome |
Overground running |
Hard shoe ↓ Max rearfoot eversion velocity. |
NA |
6 |
Nigg et al., (2011) |
1.Asker C40 (Soft) 2.Asker C52 (Medium) 3.Asker C65 (Hard) |
3.33 ± 0.17 |
54, M=36, F=18, 33.9, rearfoot striker |
30-m overground running |
→ all frequency spectral or time domain parameters of gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris and vastus medialis. |
NA |
6 |
Oriwol et al., (2011) |
7 dual-density shoe condition: Medial dual density midsole elements with 62 Asker C 1. M1 is the neutral shoe. 2. M2 – 36 mm 3. M3 – 52 mm 4. M4 – 58 mm 5. M5 – 79 mm 6. M6 – 89 mm 7. M7 – 104 mm |
3.5 ± 0.1 |
16, M, 29.4, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
→ all rearfoot motion variables. |
NA |
6 |
Sterzing et al., (2013) |
All shoe with Asker C50 MF 1.Soft-RF/Soft-FF (SS) 2.Medium-RF/Medium- FF (MM) 3.Hard-RF/Hard-FF (HH) 4.Soft-RF/Hard-FF (SH) 5.Hard-RF/Soft-FF (HS) |
3.3 ± 0.1 |
28, M, 23.8, rearfoot striker |
13-m overground running |
Softer ↓ max plantarflexion & pronation velocity than stiffer shoes; MM ↓ sagittal footstrike angle than SH & HS; → Contact time |
SH, SS, & MM ↓ max 1st loading rate than HH, HS; SH ↓ max 2nd loading rate than MM, HH & HS; SS ↓ max 2nd loading rate than HH & HS; MM ↓ max 2nd loading rate than HH. |
6 |
Sterzing et al. (2015) |
1. Soft medial/Hard Lateral (SMH) 2.Medium medial/Medium lateral (MMM) 3.Hard medial/Soft lateral (HMS) 4.Very Hard medial/Very Soft lateral (VHMVS) |
3.3 ±10% |
24, M, 21.8, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
SMH ↑ perceived softer at medial midsole than HMS; MMM ↑ perceived softer at medial midsole than HMS & VHMVS; SMH ↑ ground contact time than HMS & VHMVS; SMH ↑ max 1st loading rate MMM & VHMVS; VHMVS ↓ maximum inversion at touchdown than all other shoe condition; →Cushioning, stability & propulsion during push-off |
VHMVS ↑ PP at medial region than SMH & MMM; VHMVS ↑ force-time integral at rearfoot than HMS & SMH; VHMVSC force-time integral at medical region than all other shoes; SMH ↓ force-time integral at centre than MMM & VHMVS; SMH ↑ force-time integral at lateral region than all other shoes |
6 |
Stefanyshyn et al., (2000) |
1.Control shoe 2. Stiff midsole shoe (Stiff) 3.Very stiff midsole shoe (Very stiff) |
4.0 ± 0.4 |
5, M, 32, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
Stiff ↓ energy lost at MTP; → energy generation & absorption at ankle, knee & hip; → energy stored & reused at MTP. |
NA |
6 |
Teoh et al., (2013) |
1. medial stiffness 1C, lateral stiffness 1.6C (VSS) 2. same medial & lateral stiffness 1C (CS ) |
self- selected speeds |
M=16, F=14, 22.6, |
Overground running |
→running speed |
VSS ↓ the peak EKAM than CS; VSS ↓ the maximum medial GRF than CS ↑ in anterior GRF than CS. |
6 |
Theisen et al., (2014) |
1.Soft midsole shoe (Soft) 2.Hard midsole shoe (Hard) |
2.61-2.69 |
247, M=136, F=111, 41.8, leisure-time distance runners |
Overground running |
NA |
→ running-related injury. → Injury location, type, severity or category. |
8 |
Willwacher et al. (2014) |
1.Control (Control) 2.Medium stiffness (Medium) 3.High stiffness (High) |
3.5 ±5% |
19, M, 25.3, rearfoot striker |
25m overground running |
Medium & High ↑ overall Stance time & push-off time than Control; High ↓ Negative work & ↑ positive work at MTP than Control & Medium. →Effective contact time & braking time. |
NA |
6 |
Wakeling, & Nigg, (2002) |
1.Shore C61 midsole (Hard) 2.Shore C41 midsole (Soft) |
2.5-4.2 |
3, M, 26, NA 3, F, 23.3, NA |
Overground running |
→EMG intensities varied in different shoe condition; → running velocity, stride duration |
NA |
6 |
Wang et al. (2012) |
1.Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) 2.Polyurethane -1 (PU1) 3.Polyurethane -2 (PU2) |
NA |
15, M, 21.2, rearfoot striker |
Overground outdoor running |
EVA & PU-1 ↓ peak forces than PU2 at all running distance; PU-1 ↓ peak forces at 200-300 km than 0 km; EVA ↑ energy return performance than PU1&PU2 |
NA |
6 |
Wunsch et al., (2016) |
1.Leaf spring-structured midsole (Leaf) 2.Standard foam (Foam) |
2 mmol/l blood lactate speed |
10, M, 33.1, long-distance rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
Leaf ↑ stride length but ↓ stride rate & oxygen consumption than foam; → strike pattern |
NA |
6 |
Wunsch et al., (2017) |
1.Leaf spring-structured midsole (Leaf) 2.Standard foam (Foam) |
3.0 ± 0.2 |
9, M, 32.9, long-distance rearfoot striker |
Indoor track |
LEAF↓ energy absorption at hip joint as well as energy generation at ankle joint; LEAF↓ muscle forces of the soleus, gastrocnemius lateralis & gastrocnemius medialis |
NA |
6 |