Besson et al., (2017) |
1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) |
Preferred speed |
14, F, 21.4, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
D0 ↓ Foot ground angle, ankle dorsifi‚exion at initial & last 40% stance phase than D6 & D10; D0 ↑ AP GRF during first part of stance phase than D6 & D10; D0 ↑ push-of time but ↓ braking time than D6 & D10; D0 ↑ net joint ankle fi‚exion moment during braking phase ↓ net knee flexion moment in the push-of phase compared to D6 & D10; → knee & hip angles, & stance phase duration. |
NA |
6 |
Chambon et al. (2015) |
1. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) 2. Heel–toe drop 4 mm (D4) 3. Heel–toe drop 8 mm (D8) 4. Barefoot (BF) |
Preferred Speed |
12, M, 21.8, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill & overground running |
NA |
Overground: D0 ↓ foot ground angle at touchdown than D8; BF↑ loading rate than D8; Treadmill: BF & D0 ↓ foot ground angles than D8; BF & D0 ↑ ankle fi‚exion during stance phase than D8; BF ↓ knee fi‚exion RoM than D4 & D8; BF ↓ peak & loading rate of vGRF than D8; → initial ankle angle |
6 |
Malisoux et al., (2017) |
1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) |
Preferred speed |
59, M=42, F=17, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
D6 & D10 ↑ knee adduction than D0; → contact time, flight time, stride frequency, stride length, hip vertical displacement |
NA |
7 |
Malisoux et al. (2016) |
1. Heel–toe drop 10 mm (D10) 2. Heel–toe drop 6 mm (D6) 3. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) |
2.64 |
553, M&F, D10=176; D6=190; D0=187; 38; rearfoot striker (occasional & regular) |
Outdoor overground running |
NA |
D6 & D0 ↓ injury risk in occasional runners but ↑ injury risk in regular runners; → overall injury risk for all participant |
7 |
Mits et al. (2015) |
1. Heel–toe drop 12 mm (D12) 2. Heel–toe drop 8 mm (D8) 3. Heel–toe drop 4 mm (D4) 4. Heel–toe drop 0 mm (D0) |
0.97±10% |
14, M, 27, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
D8, & D12 ↑ max AP CoP excursion than D4; D8 ↑ range of AP CoP than D0; → ML CoP variables. |
NA |
6 |
TenBroek et al. (2014) |
Forefoot–rearfoot offset: 1.3–3 mm offset (Thin) 2.9–14 mm offset (Medium) 3.12–24 mm offset (Thick) |
3.0 |
10, M, 18-55, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Thin & Medium ↑ initial ankle plantarfi‚exion than other; Thin↑ initial knee extension angle than other; Thick ↑ knee flexion at midstance than Medium; Thick ↑ knee excursion than Thin & Medium; Thick ↑ stance time than Thin & Medium. |
NA |
6 |
TenBroek et al., (2012) |
Forefoot–rearfoot offset: 1. 3–3 mm offset (Thin) 2. 9–14 mm offset (Medium) 3. 12–24 mm offset (Thick) 4. Barefoot (BF) |
3.0 |
10, M, 18-55, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Barefoot & Thin ↓ initial dorsiflexion than Medium & Thick; BF & Thin ↑ leg segment vertical at TD than Thick; Medium & Thick↑ knee flexion excursion than Thin & BF; Thin ↑ knee excursion than BF; Thin ↑eversion excursion than all other conditions; Thin ↑ stance time than Medium & Thick Barefoot & Thin ↑ peak tibial acceleration than other condition; Medium ↑ peak tibial acceleration than Thick |
NA |
6 |