Hoogkamer et al., (2018) |
1. New prototype shoe (NP) 2. Nike racing shoe (Nike) 3. Adidas racing shoe (Adidas) |
3.89, 4.44 & 5.0 |
18, M, 23.7, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
NP ↓ energetic cost than other two shoes |
NA |
6 |
Madden et al., (2015) |
1. Control shoe (Control) 2. 185% Stiffer shoe (Stiff) |
Began at 2.2 m/s, with Speed increasing by 0.2 m/s every two min |
18, M, 28.0, rearfoot striker |
200 m indoor track running |
Stiff ↓ peak MTP bending & peak plantarflexion velocity; → running economy; 10 of 18 athletes improved their running economy across bending stiffness |
NA |
6 |
Oh & Park, (2017) |
1. Stiffness 1.5 2. Stiffness 10 3. Stiffness 24.5 4. Stiffness 32.1 5. Stiffness 42.1 |
Under the anaerobic threshold |
19, NA, 24.7, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Stiffer ↑ stance time & push-off time; Stiffer↓ MTP flexion but ↑ GRP moment arm from ankle; Stiffer↓ mean MTPJ angular impulse. |
NA |
6 |
Roy & Stefanyshyn, (2006) |
Bending stiffness: 1.18 N•mm (Control) 2.38 N•mm (Stiff) 3.45N•mm (Stiffest) |
Submaximal running speed |
13, NA, 27.0, rearfoot striker |
Treadmill running |
Stiff ↓ max & rate of VO2 than Control; Stiffest ↑ peak ankle moments than Stiff & Control; Stiffest ↑ mean energy absorbed at ankle joint than Control; Stiff ↓ 1% metabolic energy than Control; → MTP, knee & hip moments, & EMG RMS. |
NA |
6 |
Stefanyshyn & Fusco, (2004) |
1.Standard shoe (Control) 2.Stiffness 42 (S42) 3.Stiffness 90 (S90) 4.Stiffness 120 (S120) |
Maximal effort |
34, M =30, F= 4, AGE, rearfoot striker |
20m sprint |
Stiffer shoes (S42, S90, S120) ↓ sprint times than Control. |
NA |
6 |
Stefanyshyn & Nigg, (2000) |
1.Stiffness 0.04 (Control) 2.Stiffness 0.25 (Medium) 3.Stiffness 0.38 (Stiff)-1 |
4.0±0.4 |
5, M, 32.0, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
Stiff shoe ↓energy lost at MTP than Medium & Control; Medium & Stiff ↓ energy absorbed at MTP than Control; → energy generation & absorption at ankle, knee & hip. |
NA |
6 |
Willwacher et al., (2013) |
1.Shoe 0.65-0.76 (Control) 2.Shoe 5.29-7.11 (Medium-S) 3.Shoe 16.16-17.10 (High-S) |
3.5 m/s ± 5%. |
19, M, 25.3, rearfoot striker |
Overground running |
Medium-S & High-S ↑ GRF lever arms for all joints than Control; Medium-S ↓ mean ankle joint moments than Control & High-S; High-S ↓ MTP negative work but ↑ positive work than Control and Medium-S; Medium-S & High-S ↑ stance time & push-off time than Control; Control ↑ MTP RoM & maximum dorsiflexion than Medium-S & High-S. |
NA |
6 |