Table 2. Characteristics of the RCTs. |
Study |
N |
Age |
Gender |
Weeks |
Days/Week |
Group (N) Treatment |
Arterial Stiffness Outcome |
Pre/Post Results |
Effect size (d) |
Au et al. (2017) |
46 |
23 ±2 |
Male |
12 |
2 |
G1(16) CB, FB, LI |
cfPWV |
6.4±0.7/5.7±0.6 m/s |
-1.07 |
G2(16) CB, FB, VI |
6.2±0.6/5.8±0.8 m/s |
-0.57 |
G3(14) NS |
5.9±0.7/6.0±0.7 m/s |
0.14 |
Casey et al. (2007) |
42 |
21.4 ±0.6 |
Male/ Female |
12 |
3 |
G1(24) MA, FB, VI |
cfPWV |
6.5±0.14/6.3±0.19 m/s |
-1.20 |
G2(18) NS |
6.9±0.15/7.0±0.16 m/s |
0.65 |
Cortez-Cooper et al. (2005) |
33 |
28.4 ±1.3 |
Female |
11 |
4 |
G1(23) CB, FB, VI |
cfPWV |
7.91±0.88/8.33±0.96 m/s |
0.46 |
G2(10) NS |
7.24±0.83/7.80±0.66 m/s |
0.75 |
Okamoto et al. (2015) |
18 |
23 ±1 |
Male/ Female |
16 |
3 |
G1(9) CB, UT, VI, CT |
faPWV |
8.71±0.31/8.55±0.35 m/s |
-0.48 |
G2(9) CB, UT, VI, PT |
8.46±0.34/8.49±0.35 m/s |
0.09 |
Clark et al. (2011) |
16 |
24.0 ±1.6 |
Male/ Female |
4 |
3 |
G1(9) MA, LT, LI, BF |
faPWV |
9.26±0.39/8.73±0.32 m/s |
-1.49 |
G2(7) MA, LT, VI |
8.19±0.27/7.94±0.40 m/s |
-0.73 |
Fahs et al. (2014) |
32 |
55 ±7 |
Male/ Female |
6 |
3 |
G1(16) MA, LT, LI, BF |
ftPWV |
8.9±0.8/9.5±0.9 m/s |
0.71 |
G2(16) MA, LT, LI |
9.0±1.2/9.0±1.1 m/s |
0 |
Raj et al. (2012) |
25 |
68 ±5 |
Male/ Female |
16 |
2 |
G1(13) MA, FB, MI, ET |
ftPWV |
10.8±3.7/12.1±7.4 m/s |
0.22 |
G2(12) MA, FB, VI, CT |
14.5±10.3/16.0±10.8 m/s |
0.14 |
Yasuda et al. (2015) |
17 |
70.0 ±5.6 |
Male/ Female |
12 |
2 |
G1(9) EB, UT, BF |
CAVI |
8.9±1.2/9.2±1.1 m/s |
0.26 |
G2(8) EB, UT |
8.5±0.7/8.2±0.8 m/s |
-0.40 |
Yasuda et al. (2014) |
19 |
69.4 ±6.5 |
Male/ Female |
12 |
2 |
G1(9) MA, LT, LI |
CAVI |
9.1±1.4/9.0±0.5 m/s |
-0.10 |
G2(10) NS |
8.7±0.8/8.5±0.1 m/s |
-0.35 |
Okamoto et al. (2009a) |
30 |
20.1 ±0.4 |
Male/ Female |
10 |
2 |
G1(10) CB, UT, VI |
baPWV |
11.21±0.40/12.66±0.54 m/s |
3.05 |
G2(10) CB, LT, VI |
11.55±0.35/11.46±0.37 m/s |
-0.25 |
G3(10) NS |
no data |
- |
Nitzsche et al. (2016) |
41 |
23.8 ±2.3 |
Male/ Female |
- |
- |
G1(10) FW, FB, LI |
cfPWV |
5.26±0.48/5.97±0.65 m/s |
1.24 |
G2(15) FW, FB, MI |
5.45±0.40/5.87±0.37m/s |
1.09 |
G3(16) FW, FB, VI |
5.30±0.45/5.48±0.50 m/s |
0.38 |
Kingsley et al. (2017) |
52 |
23.0 ±0.5 |
Male/ Female |
- |
- |
G1(26) FW, FB, VI |
aPWV |
5.3±0.7/5.8±0.7 m/s |
0.71 |
G2(26) NS |
5.4±0.7/5.3±0.6 m/s |
-0.15 |
Lefferts et al. (2015) |
40 |
24 ±4 |
Male/ Female |
- |
- |
G1(20) FW, UT, VI |
aPWV |
5.1±0.5/6.0±0.7 m/s |
1.48 |
G2(20) NS |
5.1±0.5/5.2±0.5 m/s |
0.20 |
Augustine et al. (2014) |
18 |
24 ±6 |
Male |
- |
- |
G1(9) FW, UT, VI |
aPWV |
5.4±0.5/5.6±0.5 m/s |
0.40 |
G2(9) NS |
5.6±0.7/5.5±0.6 m/s |
-0.16 |
Okamoto et al. (2014) |
20 |
26 ±5 |
Male/ Female |
- |
- |
G1(10) FW, UT, LI |
AIx |
-5±2/-15±3 % |
-3.92 |
G2(10) NS |
-4±2/-5±2 % |
-0.50 |
Yoon et al. (2010) |
26 |
20.8 ±2.2 |
Male |
- |
- |
G1(13) CB, FB, MI |
AIx |
-13.4±0.8/-10.3±0.8 % |
3.88 |
G2(13) NS |
-6.9±7.3/-9.4±6.0 % |
-0.37 |
|
FW: free wheights; CB: combined; EB: elastic bands; MA: machines; FB: full body; UT: upper train; LT: lower train; LI: low intensity; MI: moderate intensity; VI: vigorous intensity; NS: no strength; CT: continuous training; PT: periodic training; BF: blood flow restriction; ET: eccentric training; CT: concentric training; aPWV: aortic pulse wave velocity; AIx: augmentation index; cfPWV: carotid femoral pulse wave velocity; faPWV: femoral ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI: cardio-ankle vascular index; ftPWV: femoral tibial pulse wave velocity; baPWV: brachial ankle pulse wave velocity. |
|